Factors influencing the evolution of sandstone sea caves: A case study from the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (Lake Superior, USA)

IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Journal of Great Lakes Research Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI:10.1016/j.jglr.2023.102251
Michal Filippi , Jiří Bruthans , Jakub Mareš , Jiří Adamovič , Tom Fitz
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Abstract

Caves in coastal cliffs in the Apostle Islands were analyzed for factors controlling their origin and evolution. Even though the Bayfield Group quartz sandstones were found to be of relatively low tensile strength, the traditional explanation attributing speleogenesis to localized zones of lithological and tectonic weakness does not adequately explain all geomorphic features of the caves. The caves were found to be formed by coalescence of smaller arcade-shaped cavities serially developed along subhorizontal discontinuities. In concordance with the previously formulated “arcade principle”, positions and shapes of the cavities are defined by areas of reduced stress within the gravity-induced stress field. Evacuation of material from the rock massif can be attributed to wave action including the effect of water-pressurized air, and frost action. Compound cavities above the discontinuities tend to form “higher-order” arcade-like cavities/caves while those beneath more resistant strata rather develop into elongated overhangs similar to ordinary coastal notches. Propagation of the largest cavities, formed along steeply dipping joints and faults, is attributed to mass wasting and roof collapses. Similar examples of discontinuity-related cavities in coastal settings, suspectedly also controlled by gravity-induced stress distribution, can be found worldwide, being mostly concentrated to areas covered by ice sheets in the Pleistocene. The interplay between post-glacial isostatic uplift and Holocene lake-level rise is responsible for the development of mature forms of coastal caves in the Apostle Islands where present cliffs are estimated to have been exposed to the effects of wave action for the last 3–5 ky.

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影响砂岩海蚀洞演变的因素:阿波斯特尔群岛国家湖岸(美国苏必利尔湖)案例研究
对阿波斯特尔群岛沿海悬崖上的洞穴进行了分析,以了解控制其起源和演变的因素。尽管贝菲尔德组石英砂岩的抗拉强度相对较低,但将岩洞的形成归因于局部岩性和构造薄弱区的传统解释并不能充分解释岩洞的所有地貌特征。研究发现,这些洞穴是由沿亚水平不连续面连续发育的较小的弧形洞穴聚合而成的。根据之前提出的 "弧形原理",洞穴的位置和形状是由重力应力场中应力减弱的区域决定的。岩块中的物质蒸发可归因于波浪作用,包括水压空气效应和霜冻作用。不连续面上的复合空洞往往会形成 "高阶 "弧形空洞/洞穴,而抗力较强的地层下的复合空洞则会发展成类似于普通海岸凹口的细长悬臂。沿陡倾节理和断层形成的最大溶洞的传播是由于大量流失和顶板坍塌造成的。在世界各地都可以发现类似的与海岸环境不连续有关的空洞现象,怀疑也是由重力引起 的应力分布控制的,主要集中在更新世冰盖覆盖的地区。冰期后等静力抬升和全新世湖泊水位上升之间的相互作用,是阿波斯特尔群岛海岸洞穴成熟形态形成的原因,据估计,在过去的 3-5 千年里,那里的悬崖一直暴露在波浪作用的影响之下。
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来源期刊
Journal of Great Lakes Research
Journal of Great Lakes Research 生物-海洋与淡水生物学
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
13.60%
发文量
178
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: Published six times per year, the Journal of Great Lakes Research is multidisciplinary in its coverage, publishing manuscripts on a wide range of theoretical and applied topics in the natural science fields of biology, chemistry, physics, geology, as well as social sciences of the large lakes of the world and their watersheds. Large lakes generally are considered as those lakes which have a mean surface area of >500 km2 (see Herdendorf, C.E. 1982. Large lakes of the world. J. Great Lakes Res. 8:379-412, for examples), although smaller lakes may be considered, especially if they are very deep. We also welcome contributions on saline lakes and research on estuarine waters where the results have application to large lakes.
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