Norman Göbeler, Laura Kauppi, Robin Gottberg, Göran Lundberg, Alf Norkko, Joanna Norkko
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
The frequency of abnormally warm water events is increasing not only in surface waters, but also in subsurface layers, with major impacts on benthic ecosystems. Previous insights on heatwave effects have been obtained through field observations or manipulative laboratory experiments. Here, we introduce a system capable of inducing elevated water temperatures in benthic habitats in situ over several days. The system consists of a commercially available electric boiler, usually applied in domestic underfloor heating, and custom-designed benthic acrylic glass chambers connected to individual thermostats. Furthermore, the chambers are semi-open, allowing constant water exchange, maintaining otherwise near-natural conditions, including oxygen concentrations, while the temperature is elevated. The water exchange can be stopped to facilitate incubations measuring changes in benthic fluxes. We conducted a 15-d trial study in July 2021 on a bare-sediment habitat at 2.5 m depth, exposing five chambers to water temperatures 5°C above ambient temperatures for 6 d and comparing with five control chambers. In this assessment, we demonstrate that the temperature control and stability were reliable while maintaining natural oxygen conditions. The modular character of the system permits adaptations for various benthic habitats, facilitating the investigation of elevated temperatures in situ for future climate change scenarios.
期刊介绍:
Limnology and Oceanography: Methods (ISSN 1541-5856) is a companion to ASLO''s top-rated journal Limnology and Oceanography, and articles are held to the same high standards. In order to provide the most rapid publication consistent with high standards, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods appears in electronic format only, and the entire submission and review system is online. Articles are posted as soon as they are accepted and formatted for publication.
Limnology and Oceanography: Methods will consider manuscripts whose primary focus is methodological, and that deal with problems in the aquatic sciences. Manuscripts may present new measurement equipment, techniques for analyzing observations or samples, methods for understanding and interpreting information, analyses of metadata to examine the effectiveness of approaches, invited and contributed reviews and syntheses, and techniques for communicating and teaching in the aquatic sciences.