A comprehensive review of warm-mix asphalt mixtures: mix design, construction temperatures determination, performance and life-cycle assessment

Abstract

AbstractThe paper provides a review of mix design, construction temperature determination, performance and life-cycle assessment (LCA) of WMA mixtures. The mix design of WMA mixtures using almost the same design protocols as the HMA mixtures. The techniques used for determining WMA mixtures’ construction temperatures include the analogy, phase angle, compaction energy index (CEI) and traffic densification index (TDI), and 4% air void methods. The use of Sasobit is advisable for the road prone to rutting. For the road prone to water damage, the use of foaming technologyis not suitable and Rediset is recommended. For the road prone to fatigue failure, the use of Water-based processes is not recommended, while Evotherm and Rediset are advisable. From an environmental point of view, water-based processes are recommended for the production of WMA mixtures, followed by organic additives and chemical additives, whereas the use of water-bearing additives is not recommended.KEYWORDS: WMA technologymix designconstruction temperatures determinationperformanceLCA Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThe study was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia [grant number 2022AAC03758], [grant number 2020AAC03502], as well as the Gansu Science and Technology Plan (Major Science and Technology Projects) under the numbers of 21ZD8JA003. The sponsorships are gratefully acknowledged.