Eulerian Finite-Element Numerical Simulation Investigation on the Dynamic Characteristics of Out-of-Phase Bubbles in Underwater Explosions

Abstract

An underwater explosion out-of-phase bubbles dynamics model was developed based on the Eulerian finite-element method, with the calculation results compared to the unified bubble theory and the out-of-phase explosion experiment to validate the calculation model. Compared with the case of a single bubble in the free field, it is found that the work done by the shock wave of the out-of-phase explosion on the bubble is the cause for the increase of the total energy of the bubble. The closer the absolute value of the phase difference is to π, the smaller the distance parameter is, and the less the total energy loss of the bubble is. The later bubble can cause the first bubble to collapse in advance. The jet direction of the bubble is influenced by the phase difference. When the phase difference is zero, jets are directed toward each other, but for other phase differences, the backward jets occur.