Challenges and opportunities of the European Critical Raw Materials Act

IF 3 Q1 ECONOMICS Mineral Economics Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI:10.1007/s13563-023-00394-y
Alessandra Hool, Christoph Helbig, Gijsbert Wierink
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Abstract

Abstract The Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) is an essential regulatory framework designed to address the pressing challenges faced by the European Union (EU) in the strategic sectors of decarbonization, digitalization, and aerospace and defense. It aims to tackle the lack of secure and sustainable access to critical raw materials (CRMs) by increasing anticipation and mitigation of supply risks, fostering domestic CRM potential, and promoting sustainable sourcing practices. Part of a broader “Green Industrial Plan” and aligned with the “Net-Zero Industry Act” (NZIA), the CRMA strives to position the EU as a leading hub for clean tech industries. The NZIA and CRMA packages respond to international trends of protecting clean energy technology and resources, akin to the US Inflation Reduction Act. Defining materials as “strategic” based on their relevance and expected demand for strategic technologies, the CRMA regulation establishes benchmarks for minimum shares of EU demand to be covered by domestically sourced and processed as well as recycled raw materials and aims at reducing dependencies on single third country suppliers in all steps of the supply chain. A communication complements the regulation by focusing on increasing CRM supply security and sustainability through circularity, standardization efforts, skill development, and strategic actions for research and innovation. Establishing a “CRM Club” and partnerships with like-minded countries intend to strengthen international partnerships to safeguard CRM supply security and facilitate sustainable investment in resource-rich nations. Challenges arise concerning the concept of “strategic raw materials” and meeting benchmarks, particularly in materials availability, recycling targets, diversification, and the establishment of necessary skills. Data gaps, potential national differences, coherence with national legislation, long-term economic viability, and potential fuelling of international tensions also pose significant challenges to the effective implementation of the CRMA. Addressing these challenges and embracing the opportunities presented by the CRMA are crucial steps toward achieving sustainable resource management and advancing the EU’s clean tech industries.
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《欧洲关键原材料法》的挑战与机遇
关键原材料法案(CRMA)是一个重要的监管框架,旨在解决欧盟(EU)在脱碳、数字化、航空航天和国防等战略领域面临的紧迫挑战。它旨在通过增加预期和减轻供应风险、培育国内CRM潜力和促进可持续采购实践来解决缺乏安全和可持续的关键原材料(CRM)获取途径的问题。作为更广泛的“绿色工业计划”的一部分,并与“净零工业法案”(NZIA)保持一致,CRMA努力将欧盟定位为清洁技术产业的领先中心。NZIA和CRMA一揽子计划响应了保护清洁能源技术和资源的国际趋势,类似于美国的《通货膨胀削减法案》。根据材料的相关性和对战略技术的预期需求,CRMA法规将材料定义为“战略性”材料,并建立了欧盟需求的最低份额基准,以满足国内采购和加工以及回收的原材料,旨在减少对供应链所有步骤中单一第三国供应商的依赖。通过循环、标准化努力、技能发展以及研究和创新的战略行动,重点关注提高CRM供应的安全性和可持续性,从而补充了法规。建立“CRM俱乐部”并与志同道合的国家建立伙伴关系,旨在加强国际伙伴关系,保障CRM供应安全,促进对资源丰富国家的可持续投资。在“战略原材料”概念和满足基准方面出现了挑战,特别是在材料供应、回收目标、多样化和建立必要技能方面。数据差距、潜在的国家差异、与国家立法的一致性、长期经济可行性以及可能加剧的国际紧张局势,也对有效实施CRMA构成了重大挑战。应对这些挑战并抓住CRMA带来的机遇是实现可持续资源管理和推进欧盟清洁技术产业的关键步骤。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.00
自引率
12.00%
发文量
62
期刊介绍: Mineral Economics – Raw Materials Report is an international multidisciplinary journal focused on economics and policy issues in the minerals metals and mining industries. The journal exists to improve the understanding of economic social environmental and political implications of natural resources. The main focus is on non-fuel minerals metals and the mining industry and its role in society.Mineral Economics is widening its scope and particularly invites papers on: Socio-economic aspects of mining e.g. social license to operate indigenous peoples theory of change Materials for the Green transition e.g. battery metals ICT elements policies to secure supply of these elements Minerals in the periphery e.g. the Arctic deep-seabed and space Mineral Economics serves as a platform for academics industry practitioners decision makers and other experts who want to share perspectives and knowledge about natural resources.A wide range of topics have traditionally been covered including among others: mineral market analysis exploration and development resource availability market development price formation international trade environmental policy sustainability issues competition issues.Mineral Economics is a joint project of Lule? University of Technology and R?varugruppen Ekonomisk F?rening the organization which founded the journal Raw Materials Report in 1981
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