Evaluation of wear test on functionally graded metal-polymer tri-laminate composite interfaces of cooling-assisted friction stir additive manufacturing

Abstract

In this study, a new friction stir welding (FSW) based additive manufacturing (AM) process called "cooling-assisted friction stir additive manufacturing (CA-FSAM)" was introduced to join sheets of metal-polymer hybrid structures (MPHS). Dry ice was introduced as the coolant. Thickness variations of the raw high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 5083 aluminum alloy (Al5083) sheets were functionally graded at a rate of 0.75 mm from the former layer. The arrangement of layers in terms of thickness was arranged in the order of 3, 2.25, and 1.5 mm. Functionally graded metal-polymer tri-laminate composite fabricated with CA-FSAM technology was investigated using the pin-on-disk wear test. The results showed that mechanical locking between the layers affected the bond strength. Cross-sectional morphology examination revealed defect-free, strong joints. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of Mg2Si; however, the XRD peak was low, indicating a slight effect on the interface properties. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) characterization highlighted that the main evolved products during tri-laminate composite joining were CO, CC, CH₃, CH₂, and CH₂. Oxidation occurred in the FTIR peak in the absorption band (1029.92 cm⁻¹ to 1370.63 cm⁻¹). Disk loading resulted in the buildup of an internal drag force that caused the dislocation/rupture of the CC or CH bonds. Defects, such as deep grooves, pits, and delamination at the interface, were observed in the composite specimen. The wear path was not visible in the worn composite material. The wear rate at 4 kg load on Al5083, HDPE, and metal-polymer tri-laminate composite specimens was 3.15 ± 0.22, 4.72 ± 0.36, and 3.42 ± 0.18 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/N. m, respectively.