{"title":"Nitric Oxide(II) in the Biology of Chlorophyta","authors":"E. V. Ermilova","doi":"10.1134/s0026893323060055","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b>—NO is a gaseous signaling redox-active molecule that functions in various eukaryotes. However, its synthesis, turnover, and effects in cells are specific in plants in several aspects. Compared with higher plants, the role of NO in Chlorophyta has not been investigated enough. However, some of the mechanisms for controlling the levels of this signaling molecule have been characterized in model green algae. In <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>, NO synthesis is carried out by a dual system of nitrate reductase and NO-forming nitrite reductase. Other mechanisms that might produce NO from nitrite are associated with components of the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. In addition, NO formation in some green algae proceeds by an oxidative mechanism similar to that in mammals. The recent discovery of <i>L</i>-arginine-dependent NO synthesis in the colorless alga <i>Polytomella parva</i> suggests the existence of a protein complex with enzyme activities that are similar to animal nitric oxide synthase. This latter finding paves the way for further research into potential members of the NO synthases family in Chlorophyta. Beyond synthesis, the regulatory processes to maintain intracellular NO levels are also an integral part for its function in cells. Members of the truncated hemoglobins family with dioxygenase activity can convert NO to nitrate, as was shown for <i>C. reinhardtii</i>. In addition, the implication of NO reductases in NO scavenging has also been described. Even more intriguing, unlike in animals, the typical NO/cGMP signaling module appears not to be used by green algae. S-nitrosylated glutathione, which is considered the main reservoir for NO, provides NO signals to proteins. In Chlorophyta, protein S-nitrosation is one of the key mechanisms of action of the redox molecule. In this review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art and possible future directions related to the biology of NO in green algae.</p>","PeriodicalId":18734,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5000,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Molecular Biology","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0026893323060055","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract—NO is a gaseous signaling redox-active molecule that functions in various eukaryotes. However, its synthesis, turnover, and effects in cells are specific in plants in several aspects. Compared with higher plants, the role of NO in Chlorophyta has not been investigated enough. However, some of the mechanisms for controlling the levels of this signaling molecule have been characterized in model green algae. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, NO synthesis is carried out by a dual system of nitrate reductase and NO-forming nitrite reductase. Other mechanisms that might produce NO from nitrite are associated with components of the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. In addition, NO formation in some green algae proceeds by an oxidative mechanism similar to that in mammals. The recent discovery of L-arginine-dependent NO synthesis in the colorless alga Polytomella parva suggests the existence of a protein complex with enzyme activities that are similar to animal nitric oxide synthase. This latter finding paves the way for further research into potential members of the NO synthases family in Chlorophyta. Beyond synthesis, the regulatory processes to maintain intracellular NO levels are also an integral part for its function in cells. Members of the truncated hemoglobins family with dioxygenase activity can convert NO to nitrate, as was shown for C. reinhardtii. In addition, the implication of NO reductases in NO scavenging has also been described. Even more intriguing, unlike in animals, the typical NO/cGMP signaling module appears not to be used by green algae. S-nitrosylated glutathione, which is considered the main reservoir for NO, provides NO signals to proteins. In Chlorophyta, protein S-nitrosation is one of the key mechanisms of action of the redox molecule. In this review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art and possible future directions related to the biology of NO in green algae.
摘要--NO 是一种气态信号氧化还原活性分子，在各种真核生物中都能发挥作用。然而，它在细胞中的合成、周转和作用在植物中具有多方面的特殊性。与高等植物相比，人们对 NO 在叶绿体中的作用研究不够。不过，在模式绿藻中，控制这种信号分子水平的一些机制已经得到表征。在莱茵衣藻中，NO 的合成是由硝酸还原酶和形成 NO 的亚硝酸还原酶双重系统完成的。其他可能由亚硝酸盐产生 NO 的机制与线粒体电子传递链的组成部分有关。此外，一些绿藻中 NO 的形成是通过与哺乳动物类似的氧化机制进行的。最近在无色藻类波利藻（Polytomella parva）中发现了依赖于精氨酸的一氧化氮合成，这表明存在一种蛋白质复合物，其酶活性与动物体内的一氧化氮合酶类似。后一项发现为进一步研究叶绿藻中一氧化氮合酶家族的潜在成员铺平了道路。除了合成外，维持细胞内一氧化氮水平的调节过程也是一氧化氮在细胞中发挥作用不可或缺的一部分。具有二氧酶活性的截短血红蛋白家族成员可将 NO 转化为硝酸盐，这一点已在 C. reinhardtii 中得到证实。此外，还描述了 NO 还原酶在清除 NO 方面的作用。更有趣的是，与动物不同，绿藻似乎不使用典型的 NO/cGMP 信号模块。被认为是 NO 主要储存库的 S-亚硝基化谷胱甘肽为蛋白质提供 NO 信号。在叶绿藻中，蛋白质 S-亚硝基化是氧化还原分子的主要作用机制之一。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论与绿藻中 NO 的生物学相关的当前先进技术和未来可能的研究方向。
期刊介绍：
Molecular Biology is an international peer reviewed journal that covers a wide scope of problems in molecular, cell and computational biology including genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, molecular virology and immunology, molecular development biology, molecular evolution and related areals. Molecular Biology publishes reviews, experimental and theoretical works. Every year, the journal publishes special issues devoted to most rapidly developing branches of physical-chemical biology and to the most outstanding scientists.
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