Comparison of skin barrier abnormalities and epidermal ceramide profiles among three ω-O-acylceramide synthesis-deficient mouse strains

Abstract

Background

The epidermis contains many structurally diverse ceramides, which form the skin permeability barrier (skin barrier). Mutations in genes involved in the synthesis of ω-O-acylceramides (acylceramides) and protein-bound ceramides cause ichthyosis.

Objective

We aimed to elucidate the relationship between the degree of skin barrier impairment and changes in epidermal ceramide profiles caused by mutations in acylceramide synthesis genes.

Methods

Knockout (KO) mice of three genes—fatty acid (FA) ω-hydroxylase Cyp4f39 (human CYP4F22 ortholog), FA elongase Elovl1, and acyl-CoA synthetase Fatp4—were subjected to transepidermal water loss measurement, toluidine blue staining, and epidermal ceramide profiling via liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

Transepidermal water loss was highest in Cyp4f39 KO mice, followed by Elovl1 KO and Fatp4 KO mice, and Cyp4f39 KO mice also showed the strongest degree of toluidine blue staining. In Cyp4f39 KO, Elovl1 KO, and Fatp4 KO mice, acylceramide levels were 0.6%, 1.6%, and 12%, respectively, of those in wild-type mice. Protein-bound ceramide levels were 0.2%, 30%, and 33%, respectively, of those in wild-type mice. We also observed a near-complete absence of ω-hydroxy ceramides in Cyp4f39 KO mice, reduced total ceramide levels and shortened FA moieties in Elovl1 KO mice, and increased hydroxylated ceramide levels and slightly shortened FA moieties in Fatp4 KO mice.

Conclusions

The degree of reduction in protein-bound ceramide levels is probably related to the severity of skin barrier defects in these three strains. However, reduced acylceramide levels and other changes in ceramide composition unique to each KO strain are also involved.