Effect of the Tool Path on Hardness Uniformity in an Annular Zone of X20Cr13 Steel Surface-Hardened by Friction Stir Processing

IF 1.8 4区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Physical Mesomechanics Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI:10.1134/s1029959923060012

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Abstract

This paper presents the numerical and experimental results of hardening of an annular zone on the flat surface of an X20Cr13 steel specimen by friction stir processing (FSP) with a WC-Co hard alloy tool moving along circular and fan-shaped paths. A finite element model of the process is proposed for predicting the temperature distribution through the width and depth of the annular zone for the considered tool paths and for detecting the reverse tempering regions. The influence of the paths of a cylindrical friction stir tool with a flat end on microhardness distribution in the surface layer of the hardened zone was studied experimentally. It was shown that FSP along the fan-shaped path provides uniform hardening of the annular zone, while processing along the circular trajectory leads to softening of the material in the regions where the friction tracks overlap. The uniformity of surface hardness in the friction stir processed annular zone of X20Cr13 steel was evaluated by calculating the “covering uniformity” (CU) index proposed by Campana. The hardening behavior is in full agreement with the results of finite element simulation of the FSP process. Hardness measurements and microstructural studies showed that the fan-shaped tool path provides surface layer hardening to a depth of 400 μm with the CU index ranging from 0.78 to 1.00. In the case of the circular path, the CU index ranges from 0.48 to 0.72 at the same depth. The proposed research methods can be applied to evaluate the FSP efficiency when using other workpiece and tool materials.

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刀具路径对摩擦搅拌加工表面硬化 X20Cr13 钢环形区硬度均匀性的影响

摘要本文介绍了使用 WC-Co 硬质合金工具沿圆形和扇形路径进行摩擦搅拌加工（FSP），对 X20Cr13 钢试样平面上的环形区进行硬化的数值和实验结果。为预测所考虑的刀具路径下环形区宽度和深度的温度分布以及检测反向回火区域，提出了该过程的有限元模型。实验研究了平头圆柱形搅拌摩擦工具的路径对淬硬区表层显微硬度分布的影响。结果表明，沿扇形轨迹进行的 FSP 可使环形区域均匀硬化，而沿圆形轨迹进行的加工则会导致摩擦轨迹重叠区域的材料软化。通过计算 Campana 提出的 "覆盖均匀性"（CU）指数，对 X20Cr13 钢搅拌摩擦加工环形区的表面硬度均匀性进行了评估。硬化行为与 FSP 工艺的有限元模拟结果完全一致。硬度测量和微观结构研究表明，扇形刀具路径的表面硬化层深度为 400 μm，CU 指数在 0.78 至 1.00 之间。而圆形路径在相同深度的 CU 指数为 0.48 至 0.72。所提出的研究方法可用于评估使用其他工件和刀具材料时的 FSP 效率。

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来源期刊

Physical Mesomechanics Materials Science-General Materials Science

CiteScore

3.50

自引率

18.80%

发文量

期刊介绍： The journal provides an international medium for the publication of theoretical and experimental studies and reviews related in the physical mesomechanics and also solid-state physics, mechanics, materials science, geodynamics, non-destructive testing and in a large number of other fields where the physical mesomechanics may be used extensively. Papers dealing with the processing, characterization, structure and physical properties and computational aspects of the mesomechanics of heterogeneous media, fracture mesomechanics, physical mesomechanics of materials, mesomechanics applications for geodynamics and tectonics, mesomechanics of smart materials and materials for electronics, non-destructive testing are viewed as suitable for publication.