Occurrence of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) pathogenic bacteria in tap water of public places

IF 6.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-25 DOI:10.1007/s11783-024-1795-4
Lizheng Guo, Xinyan Xiao, Kassim Chabi, Yiting Zhang, Jingjing Li, Su Yao, Xin Yu
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Abstract

Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria have been detected in source water and effluent of drinking water treatment processes, leading to significant underestimation of viable cell counts. Limited information exists on VBNC bacteria in tap water, particularly in public places. To address this gap, a comprehensive nine-month study was conducted in a major city in south-eastern China, using culture-based and quantitative PCR with propidium monoazide (PMA) dye methods. Forty-five samples were collected from five representative public places (railway station, campus, hospital, shopping mall, and institution). The findings revealed that culturable bacteria represented only 0–17.51% of the viable 16S rRNA genes, suggesting that the majority of viable bacteria existed in an uncultured or VBNC state. Notably, opportunistic pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp. were primarily detected as VBNC cells, with concentrations ranging from 1.03 × 100 to 3.01 × 103, 1.20 × 100 to 1.42 × 102, 1.32 × 100 to 8.82 × 100, 1.00 × 100 to 6.71 × 101, and 2.07 × 100 to 1.93 × 102 cell equivalent/100 mL, respectively. Culturable P. aeruginosa was observed in tap water after prolonged stagnation, indicating potential risks associated with bacterial regrowth. Spatial and temporal factors accounted for 17.1% and 26.0%, respectively, of the variation in tap water community structure during the sampling period, as revealed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. This study provides quantitative insights into the occurrence of VBNC bacteria in tap water and highlights the need for more sensitive monitoring methods and microbial control techniques to enhance tap water safety in public locations.

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公共场所自来水中可存活但不可培养的致病菌(VBNC)的出现情况
在原水和饮用水处理工艺的废水中检测到了可存活但不可培养(VBNC)的细菌,导致可存活细胞数被严重低估。有关自来水(尤其是公共场所自来水)中 VBNC 细菌的信息十分有限。为了填补这一空白,我们在中国东南部的一个大城市开展了一项为期九个月的综合研究,采用了基于培养的定量 PCR 和单氮化丙啶(PMA)染色法。研究人员从五个具有代表性的公共场所(火车站、校园、医院、商场和机关)收集了 45 份样本。研究结果显示,可培养的细菌仅占有活力 16S rRNA 基因的 0-17.51%,这表明大多数有活力的细菌处于未培养或 VBNC 状态。值得注意的是,大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏杆菌等机会致病菌主要以 VBNC 细胞的形式被检测到,浓度分别为 1.03 × 100 至 3.01 × 103、1.20 × 100 至 1.42 × 102、1.32 × 100 至 8.82 × 100、1.00 × 100 至 6.71 × 101 和 2.07 × 100 至 1.93 × 102 cells equivalent/100 mL。自来水在长期停滞后可观察到可培养的铜绿微囊藻,这表明与细菌再生有关的潜在风险。16S rRNA 扩增子测序显示,采样期间自来水群落结构的变化中,空间和时间因素分别占 17.1% 和 26.0%。这项研究提供了有关自来水中 VBNC 细菌发生情况的定量见解,并强调需要更灵敏的监测方法和微生物控制技术,以提高公共场所的自来水安全。
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来源期刊
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
CiteScore
10.90
自引率
12.50%
发文量
988
审稿时长
6.1 months
期刊介绍: Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering (FESE) is an international journal for researchers interested in a wide range of environmental disciplines. The journal''s aim is to advance and disseminate knowledge in all main branches of environmental science & engineering. The journal emphasizes papers in developing fields, as well as papers showing the interaction between environmental disciplines and other disciplines. FESE is a bi-monthly journal. Its peer-reviewed contents consist of a broad blend of reviews, research papers, policy analyses, short communications, and opinions. Nonscheduled “special issue” and "hot topic", including a review article followed by a couple of related research articles, are organized to publish novel contributions and breaking results on all aspects of environmental field.
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