Leveraging museum specimens, genomics and legacy datasets to unravel the phylogeny and biogeography of cryptin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptini)

Abstract

Modern genomic techniques have enabled the generation of phylogenetic datasets of unprecedented scale. However, there are also troves of molecular data accumulated from past studies using Sanger sequencing, often at fine taxonomic scales. Combining both sources of data is an obviously appealing possibility, but it can also lead to inconsistency due to high levels of missing data, disparities in the scale of Sanger versus genomic datasets, and little overlap in sequences across terminals. To provide an empirical investigation of the potential of such ‘hybrid’ datasets, we combined data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) for 183 species of Cryptini (Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera) with a previously existing dataset of 7 loci and morphological data including 308 species plus outgroup taxa. Bioinformatics pipelines allowed recovery of ‘legacy’ markers from the bycatch of UCE sequencing, reducing the problem of limited character overlap. The resulting tree combining Sanger and UCE data is highly supported and includes dense taxon sampling of the group, allowing for a better understanding of the global radiation of Cryptini. The Neotropical region had the highest phylogenetic diversity but the lowest level of phylogenetic dispersion when corrected for standardized effect size, while the Oriental fauna showed the highest level of phylogenetic dispersion. Our results highlight the potential of hybrid datasets to produce a more complete picture of the Tree of Life combining affordability, robust support and deep taxonomic sampling.