Psychosocial Implications of Whistleblowing Regarding Substance Use Disorder Among Healthcare Professionals: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Background

The healthcare industry is experiencing a rise in substance use disorder (SUD) as healthcare professionals who have access to controlled substances are at increased risk of developing SUD. However, individuals with SUD do not typically self-report, leaving authorities and state licensing boards to depend on whistleblowers to report suspected SUD or drug diversion, placing considerable psychosocial stress on those reporting.

Purpose

The present study examined existing literature on whistleblowing, drug diversion, and substance use disorder (SUD) among healthcare professionals. The present study’s primary aim was to identify unexplored areas related to whistleblowing, especially the psychosocial effects experienced by whistleblowers.

Methods

The authors performed a scoping review to investigate existing literature regarding whistleblowing, drug diversion, and SUD among healthcare professionals

Results

Forty-seven articles met inclusion criteria and were chosen for comprehensive data extraction. A gap in the literature regarding the psychosocial impact on the whistleblower reporting SUD was identified. Based on the articles reviewed, healthcare professionals do not always report colleagues for suspected SUD, despite this being a professional obligation. Fear of retribution is the most commonly cited barrier to whistleblowing. This is not surprising considering that whistleblowing laws in the United States vary and have led to legal charges against nurse whistleblowers.

Conclusion

The present review highlights numerous unaddressed areas in the current literature related to whistleblowing in healthcare. Creating a safety-centric and whistleblowing ethos within healthcare settings is essential to improved handling of whistleblower allegations and to alleviate associated psychosocial burdens.