Reducing children’s exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in homes and kindergartens in China: Impact on lifetime cancer risks and burden of disease

Abstract

Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the indoor environment has been linked with significant health risks for Chinese children. Multi-phase DEHP concentrations in Chinese residences and kindergartens were estimated using a mass balance model based on the current baseline condition and control strategies (i.e., increasing ventilation rate, reducing area of sources, using mechanical ventilation systems, and using portable air cleaners). The health benefits of each control strategy were quantified as the reduction in lifetime cancer risks (LCR) and burden of disease (BoD). In the current situation, the mean LCR and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) number attributable to indoor DEHP exposure for Chinese children were around 6.0×10⁻⁶ and 155 thousand, respectively. The mean LCR and DALY might be reduced by 25%–54% and 16%–40%, respectively, by increasing air exchange rates by 100%, reducing the use of source materials by two-thirds or deploying commercial air cleaners in naturally ventilated buildings. Meanwhile, avoidable DALYs could result in a reduction of mean economic losses of 2.2–5.3 billion RMB. Mechanical ventilation systems with filtration units may not be helpful for reducing children’s health risks. House-specific and tailor-made control measures are critical in lowering indoor exposure to DEHP to promote sustainable buildings and children’s health in China.