Multiple medicinal chemistry strategies of targeting KRAS: State-of-the art and future directions

Abstract

KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene and drives the development and progression of malignancies, most notably non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLS), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, KRAS proteins have maintained the reputation of being “undruggable” due to the lack of suitable deep pockets on its surface. One major milestone for KRAS inhibition was the discovery of the covalent inhibitors bond to the allosteric switch-II pocket of the KRAS^G12C protein. To date, the FDA has approved two KRAS^G12C inhibitors, sotorasib and adagrasib, for the treatment of patients with KRAS^G12C-driven cancers. Researchers have paid close attention to the development of inhibitors for other KRAS mutations and upstream regulatory factors. The KRAS targeted drug discovery has entered a state of rapid development. This article has aimed to present the current state of the art of drug development in the KRAS field. We systematically summarize recent advances in the discovery and optimization processes of direct KRAS inhibitors (including KRAS^G12C, KRAS^G12D, KRAS^G12A and KRAS^G12R inhibitors), indirect KRAS inhibitors (SOS1 and SHP2 inhibitors), pan-KRAS inhibitors, as well as proteolysis-targeting chimeras degrades and molecular chaperone modulators from the perspective of medicinal chemistry. We also discuss the current challenges and opportunities of KRAS inhibition and hope to shed light on future KRAS drug discovery.