Multi-Phase Vertical Take-Off and Landing Trajectory Optimization with Feasible Initial Guesses

IF 2.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Aerospace Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI:10.3390/aerospace11010039

Zhidong Lu, Haichao Hong, Florian Holzapfel

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Abstract

The advancement of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft has expanded the horizon of urban air mobility. However, the challenge of generating precise vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) trajectories that comply with airworthiness requirements remains. This paper presents an approach for optimizing VTOL trajectories considering six degrees of freedom (6DOF) dynamics and operational constraints. Multi-phase optimal control problems are formulated to address specific constraints in various flight stages. The incremental nonlinear dynamic inversion (INDI) controller is employed to execute the flight mission in each phase. Controlled flight simulations yield dynamically feasible trajectories that serve as initial guesses for generating sub-optimal trajectories within individual phases. A feasible and sub-optimal initial guess for the holistic multi-phase problem is established by concatenating these single-phase trajectories. Focusing on a tilt-wing eVTOL aircraft, this paper computes VTOL trajectories leveraging the proposed initial guess generation procedure. These trajectories account for complex flight dynamics, align with various operation constraints, and minimize electric energy consumption.

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利用可行初始猜测优化多阶段垂直起降轨迹

电动垂直起降（eVTOL）飞机的发展扩大了城市空中交通的视野。然而，如何生成符合适航要求的精确垂直起降（VTOL）轨迹仍然是一项挑战。本文提出了一种考虑六自由度（6DOF）动力学和操作约束的 VTOL 轨迹优化方法。针对不同飞行阶段的具体约束条件，提出了多阶段优化控制问题。增量非线性动态反演（INDI）控制器用于执行各阶段的飞行任务。受控飞行模拟产生动态可行轨迹，这些轨迹可作为初始猜测，用于在各个阶段内生成次优轨迹。通过串联这些单阶段轨迹，为整体多阶段问题建立可行的次优初始猜测。本文以倾转机翼的 eVTOL 飞机为重点，利用建议的初始猜测生成程序计算 VTOL 轨迹。这些轨迹考虑了复杂的飞行动态，符合各种运行约束条件，并最大限度地降低了电能消耗。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Aerospace ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE-

CiteScore

3.40

自引率

23.10%

发文量

661

审稿时长

6 weeks

期刊介绍： Aerospace is a multidisciplinary science inviting submissions on, but not limited to, the following subject areas: aerodynamics computational fluid dynamics fluid-structure interaction flight mechanics plasmas research instrumentation test facilities environment material science structural analysis thermophysics and heat transfer thermal-structure interaction aeroacoustics optics electromagnetism and radar propulsion power generation and conversion fuels and propellants combustion multidisciplinary design optimization software engineering data analysis signal and image processing artificial intelligence aerospace vehicles'' operation, control and maintenance risk and reliability human factors human-automation interaction airline operations and management air traffic management airport design meteorology space exploration multi-physics interaction.