The Promise of Tutoring for PreK–12 Learning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Experimental Evidence

Andre Nickow, Philip Oreopoulos, Vincent Quan
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Abstract

Tutoring ranks among the most versatile and potentially transformative educational tools available. Dozens of randomized experiments have evaluated preK–12 tutoring programs, varying widely in approaches, contexts, and costs. This article presents results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of tutoring field experiments. We develop a framework for understanding variation in tutoring program impact and examine effect sizes (ESs) across a range of characteristics. We find that tutoring programs yield consistently substantial positive impacts on learning, with an overall pooled ES of 0.288 SD (SE = 0.029, p < .001). ESs tend to be largest for programs that use teachers or paraprofessionals as tutors, are held in earlier grades, occur at least 3 days per week, and are held during school.
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辅导对学前班至 12 年级学习的承诺:实验证据的系统回顾和元分析
辅导是目前最通用、最具变革潜力的教育工具之一。数十项随机实验对学前班至 12 年级的辅导项目进行了评估,这些项目在方法、环境和成本方面差异很大。本文介绍了对辅导实地实验进行系统回顾和元分析的结果。我们建立了一个框架来理解辅导计划影响的变化,并考察了一系列特征的效应大小(ES)。我们发现,辅导计划对学习产生了持续的实质性积极影响,总体汇总 ES 为 0.288 SD(SE = 0.029,p < .001)。使用教师或辅助专业人员作为辅导教师、在低年级开展、每周至少开展 3 天且在学校期间开展的辅导项目,其 ES 值往往最大。
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