Structural, electrical, and electrochemical studies of the olivine LiMPO4 (M=Fe, Co, Cr, Mn, V) as cathode materials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries based on the intercalation principle

Abstract

Despite significant efforts to identify other substituents, carbon remains the only economically viable negative electrode (anode) material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). The current state of knowledge on the understanding, characterization, and improvement of carbon anode materials is reviewed. A brief history of developments in carbon host lattices is provided. The methodologies used to characterize the lithium insertion and de-insertion processes and a wide spectrum of carbon materials, from amorphous to highly oriented graphitic materials, are described. The basic studies of the electrochemical process on natural graphite and highly oriented pyrolitic graphite materials are then thoroughly examined. Following that, the issues and opportunities of several hard carbon compounds that boost battery capacity are examined. Several innovative carbon materials and carbon-based composites are also introduced. The electrochemical interaction of anode material with lithium could produce an intercalation product, which serves as the foundation for a novel battery system. Structural retention causes this reaction to proceed quickly and with a high degree of reversibility at room temperature. Titanium disulfide is one of the latest solid cathode materials. In this context, the paper presents a comprehensive theoretical comparison of the electrochemical electrical and physical properties of iron (Fe)-, cobalt (Co)-, manganese (Mn)-, chromium (Cr)-, and vanadium (V)-based LiMPO4 materials for cathode design in lithium (Li)-ion battery applications using the intercalation principle. The work highlighted many material and performance aspects of the cathode design, such as the cohesive energy of the material, Li-intercalation energy in olivine structure, and physical, electrochemical, and electrical analyses of LiMPO4 for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. We also examine the evolution of LIB technology based on the olive cathode materials, which are also evaluated.