Assessment of Potential Potable Water Reserves in Islamabad, Pakistan Using Vertical Electrical Sounding Technique

IF 3.1 Q2 WATER RESOURCES Hydrology Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI:10.3390/hydrology10120217
M. Rashid, Muhammad Kamran, Muhammad Jawad Zeb, Ihtisham Islam, H. Janjuhah, G. Kontakiotis
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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the potential reserves of potable water in Islamabad, Pakistan, considering the alarming depletion of water resources. A detailed vertical electrical sounding (VES) survey was conducted in two main localities: Bara Kahu (Area 1) and Aabpara to G-13 (Area 2), based on accessibility, time, and budget constraints. A total of 23 VES measurements were performed, with 13 in Area 1 and 10 in Area 2, reaching a maximum depth of 500 m. Geologs and pseudosections were generated to assess lithological variations, aquifer conditions, and resistivity trends with depth. Statistical distribution of resistivity (SDR), hydraulic parameters, true resistivity, macroanisotropy, aquifer depth and thickness, and linear regression (R2) curves were calculated for both areas, providing insights into the aquifer conditions. The results revealed that the study areas predominantly consisted of sandy lithology as the aquifer horizon, encompassing sandstone, sandy clay, and clayey sand formations. Area 2 exhibited a higher presence of clayey horizons, and aquifers were generally deeper compared to Area 1. The aquifer thickness ranged from 10 m to 200 m, with shallow depths ranging from 10 m to 60 m and deeper aquifers exceeding 200 m. Aquifers in Area 1 were mostly semi-confined, while those in Area 2 were predominantly unconfined and susceptible to recharge and potential contamination. The northwest–southeast side of Area 1 exhibited the highest probability for ground resource estimation, while in Area 2, the northeast–southwest side displayed a dominant probability. The study identified a probable shear zone in Area 2, indicating lithological differences between the northeast and southwest sides with a reverse sequence. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the shallow aquifers in Area 1 be considered the best potential reservoir for water supply. In contrast, deeper drilling is advised in Area 2 to ensure a long-lasting, high-quality water supply. These results provide valuable information for water resource management and facilitate sustainable water supply planning and decision making in Islamabad, Pakistan.
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利用垂直电测深技术评估巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡潜在的饮用水储量
考虑到巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡的水资源枯竭程度令人担忧,本研究旨在调查该市潜在的饮用水储量。在两个主要地区进行了详细的垂直电测深(VES)调查:根据交通便利程度、时间和预算限制,在两个主要地区:Bara Kahu(1 号区)和 Aabpara 至 G-13(2 号区)进行了详细的垂直电探测(VES)勘测。共进行了 23 次 VES 测量,其中 13 次在 1 号区,10 次在 2 号区,最大深度达 500 米。生成了地质图和伪剖面图,以评估岩性变化、含水层条件和电阻率随深度变化的趋势。计算了两个区域的电阻率统计分布(SDR)、水力参数、真实电阻率、宏观各向异性、含水层深度和厚度以及线性回归(R2)曲线,从而深入了解了含水层的状况。结果显示,研究区域的含水层地层主要由砂质岩性组成,包括砂岩、砂质粘土和粘砂层。与区域 1 相比,区域 2 含粘土层较多,含水层一般较深。含水层厚度从 10 米到 200 米不等,浅层从 10 米到 60 米不等,较深的含水层超过 200 米。1 号区西北-东南侧的地下资源估计可能性最大,而 2 号区东北-西南侧的地下资源估计可能性最大。研究发现,2 号区可能存在剪切带,表明东北侧和西南侧的岩性存在差异,序列相反。根据研究结果,建议将 1 区的浅含水层视为最佳的潜在供水水库。相比之下,建议在 2 区进行更深的钻探,以确保长期、高质量的供水。这些结果为水资源管理提供了宝贵信息,有助于巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡的可持续供水规划和决策。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Hydrology
Hydrology Earth and Planetary Sciences-Earth-Surface Processes
CiteScore
4.90
自引率
21.90%
发文量
192
审稿时长
6 weeks
期刊介绍: Journal of Hydrology publishes original research papers and comprehensive reviews in all the subfields of the hydrological sciences, including water based management and policy issues that impact on economics and society. These comprise, but are not limited to the physical, chemical, biogeochemical, stochastic and systems aspects of surface and groundwater hydrology, hydrometeorology, hydrogeology and hydrogeophysics. Relevant topics incorporating the insights and methodologies of disciplines such as climatology, water resource systems, ecohydrology, geomorphology, soil science, instrumentation and remote sensing, data and information sciences, civil and environmental engineering are within scope. Social science perspectives on hydrological problems such as resource and ecological economics, sociology, psychology and behavioural science, management and policy analysis are also invited. Multi-and interdisciplinary analyses of hydrological problems are within scope. The science published in the Journal of Hydrology is relevant to catchment scales rather than exclusively to a local scale or site. Studies focused on urban hydrological issues are included.
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