Commuting while Black: compensating differentials and Black–White wage gap in Canada

IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR International Journal of Manpower Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI:10.1108/ijm-01-2023-0042
Maryam Dilmaghani
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Abstract

Purpose

Using the Canadian Census of 2016, the present study examines the Black and White gap in compensating differentials for their commute to work.

Design/methodology/approach

The data are from the Canadian Census of 2016. The standard Mincerian wage regression, augmented by commute-related variables and their confounders, is estimated by OLS. The estimations use sample weights and heteroscedasticity robust standard errors.

Findings

In the standard Mincerian wage regressions, Black men are found to earn non-negligibly less than White men. No such gap is found among women. When the Mincerian wage equation is augmented by commute duration and its confounders, commute duration is revealed to positively predict wages of White men and negatively associate with wages of Black men. At the same time, in the specifications including commute duration and its confounders, the coefficient for the dummy variable identifying Black men is positive with a non-negligible size. The latter pattern indicates wage discrepancies among Black men by their commute duration. Again, no difference is found between Black and White women in these estimations.

Research limitations/implications

The main caveat is that due to data limitations, causal estimates could not be produced.

Practical implications

For the Canadian working men, the uncovered patterns indicate both between and within race gaps in the impact of commuting on wages. Particularly, Black men seem to commute longer towards relatively lower paying jobs, while the opposite holds for their White counterparts. However, Black men who reside close to their work earn substantially more than both otherwise identical White men and Black men who live far away from their jobs. The implications for research and policy are discussed.

Originality/value

This is the first paper focused on commute compensating differentials by race using Canadian data.

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黑人通勤:加拿大的补偿性差异和黑白工资差距
目的本研究利用 2016 年加拿大人口普查数据,研究了黑人和白人在通勤补偿差异方面的差距。标准的明克利安工资回归,由通勤相关变量及其混杂因素增强,通过 OLS 进行估计。在标准明瑟工资回归中,黑人男性的收入明显低于白人男性。在女性中没有发现这种差距。如果用通勤时间及其混杂因素来增强明瑟工资方程,就会发现通勤时间对白人男性的工资有正向预测作用,而对黑人男性的工资有负向影响。与此同时,在包括通勤时间及其混杂因素的规格中,识别黑人男性的虚拟变量系数为正,且大小不可忽略。后一种模式表明,黑人男性之间的工资差异取决于他们的通勤时间长短。同样,在这些估计中也没有发现黑人和白人女性之间存在差异。研究局限性/启示主要的注意事项是,由于数据的局限性,无法得出因果关系估计值。特别是,黑人男性似乎需要更长的通勤时间才能找到收入相对较低的工作,而白人男性则恰恰相反。然而,居住在工作地点附近的黑人男性的收入却远远高于其他相同的白人男性和居住在远离工作地点的黑人男性。本文讨论了对研究和政策的影响。原创性/价值 这是第一篇使用加拿大数据重点研究不同种族通勤补偿差异的论文。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.40
自引率
11.40%
发文量
80
期刊介绍: ■Employee welfare ■Human aspects during the introduction of technology ■Human resource recruitment, retention and development ■National and international aspects of HR planning ■Objectives of human resource planning and forecasting requirements ■The working environment
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