Citrus Odour Produces Resilient Response to Cognitive Load and Enhances Performance in the N-Back Task

IF 1.8 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Annals of Neurosciences Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI:10.1177/09727531231215556
Deep Shikha, P. Ojha, Kamla Kant Shukla, Om Lata Bhagat, A. Dixit
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Abstract

Background: Olfactory pathway and limbic system demonstrate a close nexus, which paves common ground for investigating the effects of smell on emotions, cognitive load and autonomic functions. Notably, olfactory stimulation during the administration of cognitive load may interfere with the performance. Purpose: The study is planned to investigate the effect of citrus inhalation on cognitive performance, through psychophysiological assessments. Methods: Thirty male participants were subjected to the cognitive load with the 2-back task in control and experimental sessions. Olfactory stimulation was administered with a pure citrus odour through an aroma diffuser. Electrocardiogram (ECG) for heart rate variability (HRV); photoplethysmography (PPG), and electrodermal activity (EDA) were recorded in experimental and control sessions. Results: Citrus odour significantly improved the performance in 2-back task. A paired t-test revealed that the target correct response numbers and target accuracy were significantly increased with the citrus odour inhalation. The EDA showed a rise in the skin conductance level with the 2-back task that was suppressed with the citrus odour administration. The HRV measures, pNN50, RMSSD, and HF power demonstrated a significant increase in the citrus smell. Conclusion: Importantly, citrus odour produced resilience to cognitive stress due to the cognitive task and it was reflected in the EDA. Olfactory stimulation with citrus improved the scores in the 2-back task performance. Though there was no alteration in the overall variability of cardiac oscillation but there was a conspicuous shift of autonomic balance towards the parasympathetic system with the citrus inhalation. The observed finding advocates the use of citrus odour as a cognitive stress-suppressing measure for cognitive enhancement.
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柑橘气味能产生对认知负荷的弹性反应并提高 N-Back 任务的成绩
背景:嗅觉通路和边缘系统有着密切的联系,这为研究嗅觉对情绪、认知负荷和自律神经功能的影响奠定了基础。值得注意的是,在进行认知负荷时,嗅觉刺激可能会干扰认知表现。目的:本研究计划通过心理生理学评估,调查柑橘吸入对认知能力的影响。研究方法30 名男性参与者分别在对照组和实验组接受了 2 回任务的认知负荷。通过芳香扩散器对参与者进行纯柑橘气味的嗅觉刺激。实验组和对照组分别记录了心电图(ECG)以检测心率变异性(HRV)、光电血压计(PPG)和皮下电活动(EDA)。结果柑橘气味明显改善了 2 回任务的表现。配对 t 检验显示,吸入柑橘气味后,目标正确反应数和目标准确率都有明显提高。EDA显示,在进行2-back任务时,皮肤电导水平上升,而在吸入柑橘气味后,皮肤电导水平被抑制。心率变异测量、pNN50、RMSSD 和高频功率在柑橘气味的作用下均有显著增加。结论重要的是,柑橘气味能产生对认知任务造成的认知压力的恢复力,这一点在 EDA 中得到了反映。柑橘的嗅觉刺激提高了 "2-back "任务的得分。虽然心脏振荡的总体变异性没有改变,但吸入柑橘后,自律神经平衡明显向副交感神经系统转移。这一观察结果主张使用柑橘气味作为认知压力抑制措施,以提高认知能力。
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来源期刊
Annals of Neurosciences
Annals of Neurosciences NEUROSCIENCES-
CiteScore
2.40
自引率
0.00%
发文量
39
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