Reconsideration of the energy balance in earthquake faulting

IF 3.5 3区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Progress in Earth and Planetary Science Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI:10.1186/s40645-023-00602-x
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Abstract

The occurrence of earthquakes is now understood as brittle shear fracture releasing the elastic potential energy stored in the earth. Since the 1950s, many studies on the energy balance in earthquake faulting have been done, but there seems to be some incoherence among them. The essential reason is because various changes in conceptual framework happened during the last six decades, specifically the introduction of the new paradigm of plate tectonics in the 1960s, the concept of moment tensor as source representation in the 1970s, and the fault constitutive law governing rupture growth in the 1990s. Therefore, it will be worthwhile to reconsider the energetics of earthquake faulting from a current perspective. For this purpose, first of all, we summarize the basic concepts of elastic potential energy and moment tensor and review the general representation of earthquake sources and the origin of background crustal stress to confirm that the effect of earth’s self-gravitation is negligible in the energetics of shear faulting. Next, as a starting point for discussion, we directly derive a basic equation of mechanical energy balance in dynamic shear faulting from the equation of motion for an elastic body subjected to tectonic-origin deviatoric stress. Then, we review the widely accepted formula for indirectly evaluating radiated seismic energy from a simplified energy balance equation and compare with the direct evaluation based on the analytical solution of displacement fields for a point dislocation source in order to call attention to inconsistency between them. The inconsistency comes from the omission of the effects of rupture growth rate in the simplified energy balance equation. So, finally, we review the energy balance at the tips of a propagating shear crack, which naturally leads to the introduction of the slip-weakening fault constitutive law as a fundamental equation governing earthquake rupture. Then, we discuss the whole process of earthquake rupture, consisting of initiation, acceleration, steady propagation, deceleration, and termination from the viewpoint of energy balance.

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重新考虑地震断层中的能量平衡问题
摘要 地震的发生现在被理解为脆性剪切断裂释放了储存在地球中的弹性势能。自 20 世纪 50 年代以来,人们对地震断层的能量平衡进行了大量研究,但这些研究之间似乎存在一些不一致之处。究其根本原因,是因为在过去的 60 年中,概念框架发生了各种变化,特别是在 20 世纪 60 年代引入了板块构造的新范式,在 20 世纪 70 年代引入了力矩张量作为震源表示的概念,以及在 20 世纪 90 年代引入了控制断裂增长的断层构造规律。因此,值得从当前的角度重新考虑地震断层的能量学。为此,我们首先总结了弹性势能和力矩张量的基本概念,回顾了震源的一般表示方法和地壳背景应力的起源,以确认地球自重力的影响在剪切断层的能量学中可以忽略不计。接下来,作为讨论的起点,我们直接从承受构造源偏应力的弹性体的运动方程推导出动态剪切断层中机械能平衡的基本方程。然后,我们回顾了从简化能量平衡方程间接评估辐射地震能量的广为接受的公式,并与基于点位错源位移场分析解的直接评估进行比较,以提请注意两者之间的不一致。不一致的原因在于简化能量平衡方程忽略了断裂增长率的影响。因此,最后我们回顾了剪切裂缝扩展尖端的能量平衡,自然而然地引出了滑移减弱断层构成律作为地震破裂的基本方程。然后,我们从能量平衡的角度讨论了地震破裂的整个过程,包括起始、加速、稳定传播、减速和终止。
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来源期刊
Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
Progress in Earth and Planetary Science Earth and Planetary Sciences-General Earth and Planetary Sciences
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
5.10%
发文量
59
审稿时长
31 weeks
期刊介绍: Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (PEPS), a peer-reviewed open access e-journal, was launched by the Japan Geoscience Union (JpGU) in 2014. This international journal is devoted to high-quality original articles, reviews and papers with full data attached in the research fields of space and planetary sciences, atmospheric and hydrospheric sciences, human geosciences, solid earth sciences, and biogeosciences. PEPS promotes excellent review articles and welcomes articles with electronic attachments including videos, animations, and large original data files. PEPS also encourages papers with full data attached: papers with full data attached are scientific articles that preserve the full detailed raw research data and metadata which were gathered in their preparation and make these data freely available to the research community for further analysis.
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