Microplastic Contamination of Fine-Grained Sediments and Its Environmental Driving Factors along a Lowland River: Three-Year Monitoring of the Tisza River and Central Europe

Alexia Balla, V. Teofilović, T´ımea Kiss
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Abstract

The hydro-geomorphological background in microplastic (MP) deposition and mobilization is often neglected, though the sampling environment is the key point in a monitoring scheme. The aim of the study was to analyze the environmental driving factors of MP transport over three years (2020–2022) along a 750 km-long section of the Tisza River, Central Europe. The mean MP content of the fresh clayey sediments was 1291 ± 618 items/kg in 2020, and then it decreased (2021: 730 ± 568 items/kg; 2022: 766 ± 437 items/kg). The upstream and downstream sections were the most polluted due to improper local sewage treatment. In 2020, 63% of the sites were hotspot (≥2000 items/kg), but their number decreased to one-third in 2021 and 2022. MP pollution is influenced by highly variable environmental factors. (1) The geomorphological setting of a site is important, as most of the hotspots are on side bars. (2) The tributaries convey MP pollution to the Tisza River. (3) The bankfull or higher flood waves effectively rearrange the MP pollution. (4) The dams and their operation influence the downstream trend of MP pollution in the reservoir. (5) Downstream of a dam, the clear-water erosion increases the proportion of the pristine sediments; thus, the MP concentration decreases.
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低地河流细粒沉积物的微塑料污染及其环境驱动因素:对蒂萨河和中欧的三年监测
微塑料(MP)沉积和迁移的水文地质背景往往被忽视,尽管取样环境是监测计划的关键点。本研究旨在分析中欧蒂萨河 750 公里长河段三年(2020-2022 年)内微塑料迁移的环境驱动因素。2020 年,新鲜粘土沉积物中 MP 的平均含量为 1291 ± 618 项/千克,随后有所下降(2021 年:730 ± 568 项/千克;2022 年:766 ± 437 项/千克)。由于当地污水处理不当,上下游地段的污染最为严重。2020 年,63%的站点为热点站点(≥2000 项/千克),但到 2021 年和 2022 年,其数量减少到三分之一。MP 污染受变化很大的环境因素影响。(1) 污染点的地貌环境很重要,因为大多数热点都位于边坡上。(2)支流将 MP 污染输送到蒂萨河。(3) 满岸或更高的洪水波有效地重新排列了 MP 污染。(4) 水坝及其运行会影响水库中 MP 污染物的下游趋势。(5) 在大坝下游,清水侵蚀会增加原始沉积物的比例,从而降低 MP 浓度。
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