Development and validation of the Chiropractic Professional Identity Embodiment Scale (CPIES)

Abstract

Background and purpose

Chiropractic professional identity (CPI) encompasses diverse values, beliefs, experiences, and philosophies about one's work, specific to the chiropractic profession. Yet currently, there is no instrument available to measure CPI. This study aimed to develop and validate the Chiropractic Professional Identity Embodiment Scale (CPIES).

Materials and methods

A mixed-methods sequential exploratory design was employed where qualitative inquiry preceded quantitative analysis of survey items conducted in New Zealand in 2022. Expert key informants provided feedback on candidate items via one-to-one cognitive interviews. Candidate items were administered to Board-registered chiropractors or chiropractic students through an online survey. The suitability of candidate items was evaluated using a variety of psychometric analyses including conceptually guided exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability testing.

Results

Based on relevant professional identity literature and feedback from 15 expert key informants, a draft survey instrument with 92 candidate items (across six domains) was rated by 231 participants. Using EFA, the number of items was reduced to 15. The CPIES sum score exhibited significant correlations with individuals' philosophical self-categorisation and five of the six optional subscales.

Conclusion

The 15-item CPIES, either as a unidimensional score or with six separate subscale scores, has been demonstrated to provide valid and reliable measurement of CPI. Future research could utilise the CPIES to investigate how CPI influences clinical practice, patient outcomes, career satisfaction, and public perception of the chiropractic profession, further advancing professionalisation and recognition within healthcare.