Self-Reported Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk for Internalizing and Externalizing Difficulties among Adolescent Custodial Grandchildren

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q2 FAMILY STUDIES Journal of Child and Family Studies Pub Date : 2024-02-17 DOI:10.1007/s10826-024-02803-4

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Abstract

Despite custodial grandchildren’s (CG) traumatic histories and risk for psychological difficulties, knowledge is scant regarding the frequencies, types, and consequences of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) they have encountered. We examined self-reported ACEs via online surveys with 342 CG (ages 12 to 18) who were recruited to participate in an RCT of a social intelligence training program. ACEs were assessed by 14 widely used items, and risk for internalizing (ID) and externalizing (ED) difficulties were measured using 80^th percentile cut-offs on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Classification and regression tree analyses included all 14 ACEs (along with CG gender and age) as predictors of ID and ED risk separately. Given possible comorbidity, analyses were run with and without the other risk type as a predictor. Less than 9% of CG self-reported no ACEs, 48.6% reported two to five ACEs, and 30.5% reported ≥6. Irrespective of ED risk, bullying from peers strongly predicted ID risk. ED risk was peak among CG who also had risk for ID. Without ID risk as a predictor, ED risk was highest among CG who were emotionally abused, not lived with a substance abuser, and encountered neighborhood violence. The frequency and types of ACEs observed were alarmingly higher than those among the general population, suggesting that many CG have histories of trauma and household dysfunction. That a small number of ACEs among the 14 studied here were significant predictors of ID and ED risk challenges the widespread belief of a cumulative dose ACE effect.

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自我描述的不良童年经历与青少年监护孙辈的内化和外化困难风险

摘要尽管被监护的孙子女（CG）有创伤史和心理障碍的风险，但有关他们遭遇的童年不良经历（ACEs）的频率、类型和后果的知识却很少。我们通过在线调查，对 342 名被招募参加社会智力培训项目研究的儿童（12 至 18 岁）的 ACE 进行了自我报告。ACE通过14个广泛使用的项目进行评估，而内化（ID）和外化（ED）困难的风险则通过优势与困难问卷第80百分位的分界线进行测量。分类和回归树分析将所有 14 项 ACE（以及 CG 性别和年龄）分别作为 ID 和 ED 风险的预测因素。考虑到可能存在的并发症，在进行分析时既考虑了其他风险类型，也考虑了不将其他风险类型作为预测因素的情况。不到 9% 的 CG 自述没有经历过 ACE，48.6% 的 CG 自述经历过 2-5 次 ACE，30.5% 的 CG 自述经历过≥6 次 ACE。无论是否存在 ED 风险，来自同龄人的欺凌都强烈地预示着 ID 风险。同时有 ID 风险的 CG 的 ED 风险最高。在没有 ID 风险作为预测因素的情况下，受到情感虐待、未与药物滥用者生活在一起以及遭遇邻里暴力的 CG 的 ED 风险最高。观察到的 ACE 的频率和类型比普通人群高得惊人，这表明许多 CG 都有心理创伤和家庭功能失调的历史。在本文所研究的 14 项 ACE 中，有一小部分是 ID 和 ED 风险的重要预测因素，这对人们普遍认为的累积剂量 ACE 效应提出了质疑。

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来源期刊

Journal of Child and Family Studies Multiple-

CiteScore

3.60

自引率

4.80%

发文量

300

期刊介绍： Journal of Child and Family Studies (JCFS) international, peer-reviewed forum for topical issues pertaining to the behavioral health and well-being of children, adolescents, and their families. Interdisciplinary and ecological in approach, the journal focuses on individual, family, and community contexts that influence child, youth, and family well-being and translates research results into practical applications for providers, program implementers, and policymakers. Original papers address applied and translational research, program evaluation, service delivery, and policy matters that affect child, youth, and family well-being. Topic areas include but are not limited to: enhancing child, youth/young adult, parent, caregiver, and/or family functioning; prevention and intervention related to social, emotional, or behavioral functioning in children, youth, and families; cumulative effects of risk and protective factors on behavioral health, development, and well-being; the effects both of exposure to adverse childhood events and assets/protective factors; child abuse and neglect, housing instability and homelessness, and related ecological factors influencing child and family outcomes.