The role of visual and olfactory floral cues in twilight foraging by Ptiloglossa and Xylocopa bees

IF 16.4 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Accounts of Chemical Research Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI:10.1007/s00265-024-03441-y
Priscila Araújo, Fernanda Figueiredo de Araujo, Diogo Montes Vidal, Theo Mota, Clemens Schlindwein
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Abstract

Bees of Ptiloglossa and Xylocopa explore the chiropterophilous flowers of Pseudobombax longiflorum at twilight, but how the bees find the flowers in low light is unclear. In field experiments, we investigated if visual and olfactory floral cues are used by these bees to find P. longiflorum flowers, and which behaviors are triggered by these cues. While the crepuscular Ptiloglossa bees were more attracted to flowers with a combination of visual and olfactory cues than to isolated cues, the diurnal Xylocopa bees were equally attracted to the combination of visual and olfactory cues and to flowers with visual cues alone. Ptiloglossa bees visit the flowers under lower light intensity than Xylocopa bees. This indicates that the synergy between visual-olfactory cues facilitates flower detection in crepuscular bees. However, in higher light intensities, the large size of flowers with their broad spectrum reflectance may be enough to produce a reliable visual signal for the Xylocopa bees. Olfactory stimuli alone trigger only floral approaches in bees, while visual ones frequently trigger approaches followed by landings on flowers. This suggests that olfactory cues guide the bees to the flowers in twilight, but the presence of a visual cue is necessary to trigger landings and collection of floral resources.

Significance statement

Crepuscular and some large diurnal bees fly in the twilight and collect pollen and nectar from flowers with nocturnal anthesis. However, finding food in a dimly lit environment is not an easy task! In this study, we used a combination of visual and chemical approaches to describe, for the first time, how bees do it. We showed that although bees use olfactory and visual floral stimuli as cues, they have different strategies for finding flowers. Furthermore, olfactory and visual cues play different roles during bee foraging. Floral odors are responsible for guiding bees toward flowers in the dark, and the visual cues are responsible not only for guiding bees but also for triggering landings and floral resource collection.

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视觉和嗅觉花线索在 Ptiloglossa 和 Xylocopa 蜜蜂黄昏觅食中的作用
摘要 Ptiloglossa和Xylocopa蜜蜂会在黄昏时分探索嗜螭花(Pseudobombax longiflorum),但蜜蜂如何在弱光下找到这些花还不清楚。在野外实验中,我们研究了这些蜜蜂是否利用视觉和嗅觉花线索来寻找长寿花,以及这些线索会引发哪些行为。昼伏夜出的 Ptiloglossa 蜜蜂对视觉和嗅觉线索相结合的花朵的吸引力大于对孤立线索的吸引力,而昼伏夜出的 Xylocopa 蜜蜂对视觉和嗅觉线索相结合的花朵和仅有视觉线索的花朵的吸引力相当。Ptiloglossa蜜蜂比Xylocopa蜜蜂更喜欢光照强度较低的花朵。这表明,视觉和嗅觉线索的协同作用有助于匍匐夜行蜂发现花朵。然而,在较高的光照强度下,花朵的大尺寸及其宽光谱反射率可能足以为 Xylocopa 蜜蜂产生可靠的视觉信号。嗅觉刺激只能触发蜜蜂接近花朵,而视觉刺激则经常触发蜜蜂接近花朵,然后降落在花朵上。这表明,嗅觉线索会引导蜜蜂在黄昏中接近花朵,但视觉线索的存在是触发蜜蜂着陆和采集花朵资源的必要条件。然而,在光线昏暗的环境中寻找食物并非易事!在这项研究中,我们结合视觉和化学方法,首次描述了蜜蜂是如何做到这一点的。我们发现,尽管蜜蜂使用嗅觉和视觉花刺激作为线索,但它们有不同的寻花策略。此外,嗅觉和视觉线索在蜜蜂觅食过程中扮演着不同的角色。花香负责引导蜜蜂在黑暗中找到花朵,而视觉线索不仅负责引导蜜蜂,还负责触发蜜蜂着陆和采集花朵资源。
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来源期刊
Accounts of Chemical Research
Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
31.40
自引率
1.10%
发文量
312
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.
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