Studies on Breeding Failures in Dogs: A Review

Oziegbe Stanley David, Kuzayed Grace Imaben, Abonyi Festus Otaka, Ezema Chuka
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Abstract

The domestic dog is a non-seasonal breeder. The female is monestrus and has a reproductive cycle that is marked by extended periods of proestrus and estrus. The estrous period is characterized by an estrogen peak that coincides with rising circulating progesterone concentration prior to ovulation. After estrus is diestrus and then anestrus, with the ovarian cycle regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In the male spermatogenesis is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with testosterone playing a vital role. The reproductive cycle of most wild canids is similar to that of domestic dogs. Diestrus is followed by an extended period of ovarian inactivity. The causes of breeding failure in dogs are numerous and require thorough investigations for accurate diagnosis. Breeding failures can be infectious or non-infectious. Among the infectious causes in the bitch, bacterial endometritis was found to be responsible for the majority of reported cases. Non-infectious causes include primary and secondary anoestrus, cystic conditions of the uterus, and degenerative diseases of the endometrium. In the male, the causes can also be infectious and non-infectious. Non-infectious causes like bilateral cryptorchidism and acquired anatomical abnormalities can also cause male infertility. Spermatocele or sperm granulomas, obstruction of the genital ducts or inguinal or scrotal hernia, and prostatitis lead to infertility. Infections can lead to orchitis/epididymitis, with alteration of the quality of the semen. Nutrition also has important implications for reproductive performance. Undernutrition can result in loss of body condition, delay the onset of puberty, and ultimately lead to infertility.
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有关狗狗繁殖失败的研究:综述
家犬是一种非季节性繁殖犬。雌犬为单性发情,其生殖周期以延长的预发情期和发情期为特征。发情期的特点是在排卵前雌激素达到高峰,同时循环中的孕酮浓度也在上升。发情期之后是雌发情期,然后是无发情期,卵巢周期由下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴调节。雄性动物的精子发生由下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴控制,其中睾酮起着至关重要的作用。大多数野生犬科动物的生殖周期与家犬相似。发情期之后是一段较长的卵巢不活动期。导致犬繁殖失败的原因很多,需要进行彻底检查才能准确诊断。繁殖失败可能是感染性的,也可能是非感染性的。在母犬的感染性病因中,细菌性子宫内膜炎占报告病例的大多数。非感染性原因包括原发性和继发性发情、子宫囊肿和子宫内膜退行性疾病。男性的病因也有感染性和非感染性之分。非感染性原因如双侧隐睾症和后天解剖异常也会导致男性不育。精囊炎或精子肉芽肿、生殖管道阻塞或腹股沟或阴囊疝气以及前列腺炎都会导致不育。感染可导致睾丸炎/附睾炎,并改变精液质量。营养对生殖能力也有重要影响。营养不良会导致体质下降,推迟青春期的到来,最终导致不育。
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