Integrating perspectives on ecology, conservation value, and policy of bee pollinator seed mixes

Abstract

Wildflower plantings are an effective tool for mitigating floral resource scarcity, a major factor contributing to global declines in pollinator populations. However, the configuration of seed mixes for such plantings can encompass two different conservation goals: namely, the enhancement of a regulating ecosystem service (pollination) or the promotion of diverse pollinator communities, including rare or threatened species. According to which goal is prioritized, seed mixes consequently require different designs and implementation approaches. Here, we review common elements of wildflower seed mixes for native bees and highlight differences in application between the two conservation goals. Our focus on bees stems from agreement among different world regions to their functional value as pollinators and concern about recent global declines in their populations. We link the ecology of seed mixes with current challenges in US and EU policies supporting seed mix implementation. Finally, we advocate not only for clarity in goal setting, which will promote tailored seed mix design and application, but also for a reimagination of seed mix policies to increase their effectiveness for pollinator conservation.