Plant Defense Strategies and Biomarkers against Heavy Metal-Induced Stress: A Comprehensive Review

IF 2.3 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACS agricultural science & technology Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI:10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00271
Swati Tyagi, Vinay Kumar Dhiman, Vivek Kumar Dhiman, Himanshu Pandey, Devendra Singh*, Avinash Sharma, Prashant Sharma, Robin Kumar, Kui-Jae Lee and Baljeet Singh Saharan, 
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Abstract

Plants respond to environmental pollutants and experience several abiotic stresses, among which heavy metal stress has been a serious concern in the global scientific community due to its yield-limiting effects on crop plants. Heavy metals intrude into the plant defense system and interfere with the cellular machinery, leading to metal toxicity and resulting in plant growth inhibition or death. Plants employ several counterbalance strategies, such as the formation of phytochelatins or metallothionein metal complexes, or vacuolar sequestration of ligand–metal complexes, etc., to combat heavy metal stress. Additionally, microbes present in the rhizospheric region share a special relationship with plants and immobilize heavy metals to improve plant health. Thus, the precise detection of heavy metals in adjoining environments is crucial to develop strategic defense strategies for sustainable agriculture. In this context, plant-based biomarkers have evolved as a promising approach. This review sheds light on heavy metal stress, various defense strategies employed by plants, and potential biomarkers used to detect heavy metal stresses and tries to draw a possible roadmap toward smart and sustainable agriculture.

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植物防御重金属胁迫的策略和生物标志物:全面综述
植物会对环境污染物做出反应,并经受多种非生物胁迫,其中重金属胁迫因其对作物产量的限制作用而受到全球科学界的严重关注。重金属侵入植物防御系统,干扰细胞机制,导致金属中毒,造成植物生长受抑制或死亡。植物采用多种平衡策略,如形成植物螯合素或金属硫蛋白金属复合物,或液泡封存配体-金属复合物等,以对抗重金属胁迫。此外,根瘤区的微生物与植物有着特殊的关系,它们固定重金属以改善植物健康。因此,精确检测邻近环境中的重金属对于制定可持续农业的战略防御策略至关重要。在此背景下,基于植物的生物标志物已发展成为一种前景广阔的方法。本综述揭示了重金属胁迫、植物采用的各种防御策略以及用于检测重金属胁迫的潜在生物标志物,并试图为实现智能和可持续农业绘制可能的路线图。
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