Theoretical Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Metal–Metal Quintuple Bonds: Relativity-Driven Reordering of Frontier Orbitals

Abstract

A recent reinvestigation of the gas-phase photoelectron spectra of Group 6 metal–metal quadruple-bonded complexes with scalar-relativistic DFT calculations showed that common exchange-correlation functionals reproduce the lowest ionization potentials in a semiquantitative manner. The finding encouraged us to undertake a DFT study of metal–metal quintuple bonds in a set of bisamidinato complexes with the formula M^I₂[HC(NR)₂]₂ (M = Cr, Mo, W; R = H, Ph, 2,6-iPr₂C₆H₃) and idealized D_2h symmetry. Scalar-relativistic OLYP/STO-TZ2P calculations indicated significant shifts in valence orbital energies among the three metals, which translate to lower first ionization potentials, higher electron affinities, and lower HOMO–LUMO gaps for the W complexes relative to their Cr and Mo counterparts. These differences are largely attributable to substantially larger relativistic effects in the case of tungsten relative to those of its lighter congeners.