Impact of pH on the Oxidation of Saxitoxin and Anatoxin-a with Chlorine

Abstract

Cyanotoxins, produced from cyanobacteria-dominated harmful algal blooms (cHABs), pose a threat to ecosystems, as well as drinking water systems. Disinfection via chlorine is the last step in a conventional drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) to remove any extracellular toxins present in the water. This research investigated the impact of pH on the oxidation of different saxitoxin (STX) and anatoxin-a (ANTX-a) concentrations in the post-filtration water collected from two DWTPs. STX degradation was the most efficient at higher pH levels. For instance, pH 6 resulted in 13–43% degradation and pH 9 resulted in 56–74% degradation of STX. The presence of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) did not significantly inhibit the removal of STX, with STX removal (at pH 6–8) higher than when MC-LR was not present. A dose of 1.8 mg/L chlorine and 235-min contact achieved 38% removal of ANTX-a while the dose of 3.2 mg/L chlorine and the contact time of 118 min removed 75% of ANTX-a at pH 6.