From Surveying to Surveillance: Maritime Cartography and Naval (Self-)Tracking in the Long Nineteenth Century

IF 1.8 1区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Past & Present Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI:10.1093/pastj/gtad023
Sara Caputo
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Abstract

In the eighteenth century, ‘ship tracks’, lines recording vessels’ movements on charts, facilitated wayfinding, hydrographical surveys and territorial claims. During the long nineteenth century, however, their main function shifted from surveying of the marine environment to surveillance of officers’ movements and actions. Using textual and cartographical sources produced by British naval officers, this article argues that geosurveillance and the continuous visual tracking of individuals with reference to mapping systems were developed at sea, long before the aerial and digital revolutions, and independently of panoptical models. In the nineteenth century, most cartographical tracking was disciplined self-tracking, actively performed by the surveilled themselves. This required their employers (notably the state) to emphasize honour, training, conscientiousness and procedure. The Admiralty used tracks for testing performance, verifying accounts, establishing responsibilities and co-ordinating movement. Monitoring individuals through their record was the natural inverse of a pattern discussed by historians of science: data verification through authorial ‘credibility’. The two-way bond between the surveilled and their track was eventually broken in the twentieth century by technological innovations that allowed external and non-consensual geo-tracking. This changed the import of surveillance, discipline and the sea itself, no longer a space where human movement would be inevitably lost from sight.
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从测量到监视:漫长十九世纪的海洋制图学与海军(自我)追踪
十八世纪,"船迹"--在海图上记录船只移动的线条--为寻路、水文测量和领土要求提供了便利。然而,在漫长的十九世纪,它们的主要功能从测量海洋环境转变为监视军官的行动。本文利用英国海军军官制作的文字和地图资料,论证了地理监视和参照测绘系统对个人进行持续视觉跟踪是在海上发展起来的,远早于航空和数字革命,也独立于全景模式。在 19 世纪,大多数制图跟踪都是有纪律的自我跟踪,由被监视者自己主动进行。这就要求他们的雇主(尤其是国家)强调荣誉、培训、自觉性和程序。英国海军部利用追踪来检验表现、核实账目、确定责任和协调行动。通过记录监督个人是科学史学者所讨论的一种模式的自然反向:通过作者的 "可信度 "来验证数据。在二十世纪,被监控者与追踪者之间的双向联系最终被允许外部和非自愿地理追踪的技术创新所打破。这改变了监视、纪律和海洋本身的含义,海洋不再是一个人类活动不可避免地消失的空间。
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来源期刊
Past & Present
Past & Present Multiple-
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
5.60%
发文量
49
期刊介绍: Founded in 1952, Past & Present is widely acknowledged to be the liveliest and most stimulating historical journal in the English-speaking world. The journal offers: •A wide variety of scholarly and original articles on historical, social and cultural change in all parts of the world. •Four issues a year, each containing five or six major articles plus occasional debates and review essays. •Challenging work by young historians as well as seminal articles by internationally regarded scholars. •A range of articles that appeal to specialists and non-specialists, and communicate the results of the most recent historical research in a readable and lively form. •A forum for debate, encouraging productive controversy.
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