An affordable and green voltammetric approach for the determination of sotalol in biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical samples

Abstract

This work outlines the development of a voltammetric method for a sensitive, rapid, and environmentally friendly determination of the antihypertensive sotalol (SOT) in several sample types employing the anodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode. Cyclic voltammograms of SOT presented a well-defined irreversible oxidation peak at 1.21 V (Ag/AgCl (3.0 mol L⁻¹ KCl)) in Britton–Robinson buffer solution (pH 3.0). Figures of merits recommended by the validation guidelines were evaluated for the validation of the present method. Employing differential pulse voltammetry linearity of SOT was obtained in the concentration range of 0.39–4.22 μmol L⁻¹ in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄ solution, with a limit of detection of 0.031 μmol L⁻¹_. The selectivity of the method was assessed against interferers and show relative standard deviation (RSD) values lower than 6 %. Recovery tests yielded percentages ranging from 93 % to 96 % in urine sample and from 100 % to 107 % in tap water sample. The proposed method was successfully applied in pharmaceutical, environmental, and biological samples offering a suitable green analytical chemistry profile.