Protocol improvement and multisite validation of a digital soft agar colony formation assay for tumorigenic transformed cells intermingled in cell therapy products

Abstract

Background aims

The administration of human cell-processed therapeutic products (hCTPs) is associated with a risk of tumorigenesis due to the transformed cellular contaminants. To mitigate this risk, these impurities should be detected using sensitive and validated assays. The digital soft agar colony formation (D-SAC) assay is an ultrasensitive in vitro test for detecting tumorigenic transformed cells in hCTPs. Methods: In this study, we first evaluated the colony formation efficiency (CFE) precision of tumorigenic reference cells in positive control samples according to a previously reported D-SAC assay protocol (Protocol I) from multiple laboratories. However, the CFE varied widely among laboratories. Thus, we improved and optimized the test protocol as Protocol II to reduce variability in the CFE of tumorigenic reference cells. Subsequently, the improved protocol was validated at multiple sites. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were used as model cells, and positive control samples were prepared by spiking them with HeLa cells. Results: Based on the previously reported protocol, the CFE was estimated using an ultra-low concentration (0.0001%) of positive control samples in multiple plates. Next, we improved the protocol to reduce the CFE variability. Based on the CFE results, we estimated the sample size as the number of wells (Protocol II) and assessed the detectability of 0.0001% HeLa cells in hMSCs to validate the protocol at multiple sites. Using Protocol I yielded low CFEs (mean: 30%) and high variability between laboratories (reproducibility coefficient of variance [CV]: 72%). In contrast, Protocol II, which incorporated a relatively high concentration (0.002%) of HeLa cells in the positive control samples, resulted in higher CFE values (mean: 63%) and lower variability (reproducibility CV: 18%). Moreover, the sample sizes for testing were estimated as the number of wells per laboratory (314–570 wells) based on the laboratory-specific CFE (42–76%). Under these conditions, all laboratories achieved a detection limit of 0.0001% HeLa cells in hMSCs in a predetermined number of wells. Moreover, colony formation was not observed in the wells seeded with hMSCs alone.

Conclusions

The D-SAC assay is a highly sensitive and robust test for detecting malignant cells as impurities in hCTPs. In addition, optimal assay conditions were established to test tumorigenic impurities in hCTPs with high sensitivity and an arbitrary false negative rate.