Reproductive Carrier Screening: Identifying Families at Risk for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in the United States

Abstract

BACKGROUND:Familial hypercholesterolemia is a treatable genetic condition but remains underdiagnosed. We reviewed the frequency of pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in the LDLR gene in female individuals receiving reproductive carrier screening.METHODS:This retrospective observational study included samples from female patients (aged 18–55 years) receiving a 274-gene carrier screening panel from January 2020 to September 2022. LDLR exons and their 10 base pairs flanking regions were sequenced. Carrier frequency for P/LP variants was calculated for the entire population and by race/ethnicity. The most common variants and their likely functional effects were evaluated.RESULTS:A total of 91 637 tests were performed on women identifying as Asian (8.8%), Black (6.1%), Hispanic (8.5%), White (29.0%), multiple or other race/ethnicity (15.0%), and missing (33.0%). Median age was 32.8 years with 83 728 (91%) <40 years. P/LP LDLR variants were identified in 283 samples (1 in 324). No patients were identified with >1 P/LP variant. LDLR carrier frequency was higher in Asian (1 in 191 [95% CI, 1 in 142–258]) compared with White (1 in 417 [95% CI, 1 in 326–533]; P<0.001) or Black groups (1 in 508 [95% CI, 1 in 284–910]; P=0.004). The most common variants differed between populations. Of all variants, at least 25.0% were predicted as null variants.CONCLUSIONS:P/LP variants in LDLR are common. Expanding the use of reproductive carrier screening to include genes associated with FH presents another opportunity to identify people predisposed to cardiovascular disease.