Systemic and strict regulation of the glutathione redox state in mitochondria and cytosol is needed for zebrafish ontogeny

Abstract

Background

Redox control seems to be indispensable for proper embryonic development. The ratio between glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized disulfide (GSSG) is the most abundant cellular redox circuit.

Methods

We used zebrafish harboring the glutaredoxin 1-redox sensitive green fluorescent protein (Grx1-roGFP) probe either in mitochondria or cytosol to test the hypothesis that the GSH:GSSG ratio is strictly regulated through zebrafish embryogenesis to sustain the different developmental processes of the embryo.

Results

Following the GSSG:GSH ratio as a proxy for the GSH-dependent reduction potential (E_hGSH) revealed increasing mitochondrial and cytosolic E_hGSH during cleavage and gastrulation. During organogenesis, cytosolic E_hGSH decreased, while that of mitochondria remained high. The similarity between E_hGSH in brain and muscle suggests a central regulation. Modulation of GSH metabolism had only modest effects on the GSSG:GSH ratios of newly hatched larvae. However, inhibition of GSH reductase directly after fertilization led to dead embryos already 10 h later. Exposure to the emerging environmental pollutant Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) disturbed the apparent regulated E_hGSH as well.

Conclusions

Mitochondrial and cytosolic GSSG:GSH ratios are almost identical in different organs during zebrafish development indicating that the E_hGSH might follow H₂O₂ levels and rather indirectly affect specific enzymatic activities needed for proper embryogenesis.

General significance

Our data confirm that vertebrate embryogenesis depends on strictly regulated redox homeostasis. Disturbance of the GSSG:GSH circuit, e.g. induced by environmental pollution, leads to malformation and death.