An In-Depth Exploration of the Relationship Between Suicidal Ideation and Emotion Processes in Adolescents

Abstract

Previous research has shown a relationship between proximal (i.e., close-in-time) emotion experiences and suicidal ideation (SI). Yet, it remains unclear which emotion processes (i.e., the level of the emotion [intensity], how much emotions vary [variability], emotional consistency [inertia], how specific emotions are [differentiation]) and which emotions (i.e., sadness, hopelessness, anger, nervousness, happiness) are most potent predictors of SI. Seventy-seven adolescents (67.5% assigned female at birth) completed daily diaries for 4 weeks after psychiatric hospitalization. Levels of the above-mentioned emotions and frequency of SI were recorded. For each week and each emotion, mean (intensity), standard deviation (variability), autocorrelation (inertia), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; negative emotion differentiation) were calculated (i.e., four observations/person). Multilevel models examined whether (a) mean intensity, variability, and their interaction; and (b) mean intensity, inertia, and their interaction, were related to mean weekly SI frequency. A separate model examined whether negative emotion differentiation was related to mean weekly SI frequency after adjusting for mean intensity. A significant interaction between mean intensity of anger and variability of anger emerged (B = 0.54, SE = 0.24, p = .023); a positive relationship between mean anger and mean SI frequency was present at moderate or high levels of anger variability but not at its low levels. Mean intensity of most emotions was related to SI frequency in the expected directions. No other statistically significant findings emerged. Results revealed the importance of considering multiple emotion features, their dynamic nature, and their combined effect. Future research should explore mechanisms accounting for anger being related to heightened proximal SI, along with an examination of effective intervention strategies to reduce anger intensity and variability.