Histology and Lung Nodule Fluorescence in Intraoperative Molecular Imaging With Pafolacianine

Abstract

Background

Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) uses a cancer-targeted fluorescent agent injected into patients to localize tumor nodules. Pafolacianine is a folate receptor (FR)–targeted near-infrared fluorescent probe. Almost 10% of patients have false negative fluorescence findings intraoperatively. We hypothesized that tumor histology explains why lung cancer may not fluoresce.

Methods

Adenocarcinoma (AC) (A549, LKR) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (H127, H1264) cell lines were stained with pafolacianine. Near-infrared fluorescent microscopy was used to quantify mean fluorescence intensity. Tissue microarray slides of patients with AC and SCC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for FR alpha (FRα) and beta (FRβ) expression. Finally, we retrospectively analyzed IMI data from clinical trials of patients with AC and SCC receiving pafolacianine.

Results

AC (intensity 30.31) cell lines have a higher fluorescence intensity than SCC cell lines (intensity 5.4) (P < .001). On slide analysis, 93.8% of ACs expressed FRα compared with 44.4% of SCCs (P = .002). Finally, there were 326 patients enrolled in clinical trials: 211 had lesions localized in vivo, and 134 of these patients had pure AC or SCC. All 9 patients with SCC have a positive smoking history and a mean pack-year of 60.2 (SD 3,6), whereas 76% of patients with AC have a history of smoking and a mean pack-year of 29.3 (P = .02). The odds ratio for fluorescence of (AC/SCC) was 2.05 (P = .004) and 2.01 (P = .02) on univariate and multivariate logistic regression, respectively.

Conclusions

During IMI with pafolacianine, a nonfluorescent nodule is more likely to be SCC than AC. AC has a high probability of fluorescing because of higher expression of FRα or FRβ, or both.