Selective sensing of hexavalent chromium in food grains using an electrodeposited bimetallic Au-Pd nanoparticles modified electrode

Abstract

Given the high solubility and mobility of hexavalent chromium in the environment and edible plants, the development of a suitable method for the screening and quantification of Cr(VI) is highly desirable. Herein, a selective and sensitive sensing method for detecting Cr(VI) in food grains was established, using an electrodeposited gold-palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) based electrochemical sensor and a microwave digestion procedure for chromium dissolution. The sensor interface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the fabricated sensor has a larger active surface area and an enhanced electrocatalytic effect compared to the monometallic modification, leading to a significant increase in the electrochemical reduction current of Cr(VI) as a consequence of synergistic effects. Using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, the sensor demonstrates a wide linear range (5–3000 μg L⁻¹) and a low detection limit of 2.7 μg L⁻¹ for Cr(VI), as well as considerable repeatability and stability. Satisfactory selectivity towards Cr(VI) was also demonstrated, even in the presence of 500-fold Cr(III) and 100-fold common heavy metal ions like Cd(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II). The proposed sensing method offers a promising alternative for rapidly identifying toxic Cr(VI) in water and food grains.