The Psychopathology of Allusion in the Kádár Era

Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI:10.30965/18763308-51010001
Zsolt K. Horváth
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Abstract

After his release from prison in 1963, Ferenc Mérei (1909–1986), a Hungarian psychologist and pedagogue, started working at the National Institute of Neurology and Mental Health (oie), where he and his colleagues established the foundations of Hungarian clinical psychology. The oie was a closed institution dealing with mentally ill patients living on the margins of society, but prisonization also affected the healthy staff. Mérei did not see this liminal situation as a twist of fate but as an opportunity: it was not synonymous with social exclusion but a kind of inverted status in which it was possible to develop a framework for truth-telling and authentic living. According to Victor Turner’s approach, people in a liminal state form communities and learn the implicit language that guarantees the conditions for truth-telling and protects truth-tellers from possible retaliation. Connotation is the key concept in this hermetic use of language, which, as Mérei writes, is “only a part of a hidden whole, known and understood only by the ‘accomplices,’ the ‘initiated’ […].” By examining the expressions, “informal rank,” “hiding kuruc,” “hiding college,” and “hiding school,” which often appear in Mérei’s works, we can observe that these were not only the key concepts of his life story but also the outlines of the social organization of the socialist era in Hungary. They are concepts of a non-democratic age in which “real life” in the moral sense and “real achievement” in the scientific sense were politically persecuted. In this approach, what is seen, read, heard, consumed, and publicly available is all just a false front; the true spirit is forced into opposition or moved underground. This framework refers to the Rákosi and Kádár eras, but at the same time, it opens up to us the meta-history of centuries of persecution.
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卡达尔时代的典故心理病理学
1963 年出狱后,匈牙利心理学家和教育家费伦茨-梅雷(Ferenc Mérei,1909-1986 年)开始在国家神经学和精神健康研究所(oie)工作,他和他的同事们在那里奠定了匈牙利临床心理学的基础。国家神经学和精神健康研究所是一个封闭的机构,主要处理生活在社会边缘的精神病患者,但监狱化也影响到了健康的工作人员。梅雷不认为这种边缘状况是命运的转折,而是一种机遇:它并不等同于社会排斥,而是一种倒置的地位,在这种地位中,有可能发展出一种讲真话和真实生活的框架。根据维克多-特纳的方法,处于边缘状态的人们会形成群体,并学习隐含的语言,这种语言保证了讲真话的条件,并保护讲真话的人免遭可能的报复。内涵是这种秘密使用语言的关键概念,正如梅雷(Mérei)所写,"它只是一个隐藏整体的一部分,只有'共犯'、'入门者'才知道和理解[......]"。通过研究梅雷作品中经常出现的 "非正式等级"、"隐藏的库鲁克"、"隐藏的学院 "和 "隐藏的学校 "等表述,我们可以发现,这些不仅是他人生故事的关键概念,也是匈牙利社会主义时代社会组织的轮廓。它们是一个非民主时代的概念,在这个时代,道德意义上的 "真实生活 "和科学意义上的 "真实成就 "受到政治迫害。在这种方法中,人们所看到的、读到的、听到的、消费的和公开的都只是虚假的幌子;真正的精神被迫成为对立面或转入地下。这一框架指的是拉科西时代和卡达尔时代,但同时也为我们打开了数百年迫害的元历史。
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