Association of Short-Term Increases in Ambient Fine Particulate Matter With Hospitalization for Asthma or COPD During Wildfire Season and Other Time Periods

Abstract

Background

Short-term increases in air pollution are associated with poor asthma and COPD outcomes. Short-term elevations in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) due to wildfire smoke are becoming more common.

Research Question

Are short-term increases in PM_2.5 and ozone in wildfire season and in winter inversion season associated with a composite of emergency or inpatient hospitalization for asthma and COPD?

Study Design and Methods

Case-crossover analyses evaluated 63,976 and 18,514 patients hospitalized for primary discharge diagnoses of asthma and COPD, respectively, between January 1999 and March 2022. Patients resided on Utah’s Wasatch Front where PM_2.5 and ozone were measured by Environmental Protection Agency-based monitors. ORs were calculated using Poisson regression adjusted for weather variables.

Results

Asthma risk increased on the same day that PM_2.5 increased during wildfire season (OR, 1.057 per +10 μg/m³; 95% CI, 1.019-1.097; P = .003) and winter inversions (OR, 1.023 per +10 μg/m³; 95% CI, 1.010-1.037; P = .0004). Risk decreased after 1 week, but during wildfire season risk rebounded at a 4-week lag (OR, 1.098 per +10 μg/m³; 95% CI, 1.033-1.167). Asthma risk for adults during wildfire season was highest in the first 3 days after PM_2.5 increases, but for children, the highest risk was delayed by 3 to 4 weeks. PM_2.5 exposure was weakly associated with COPD hospitalization. Ozone exposure was not associated with elevated risks.

Interpretation

In a large urban population, short-term increases in PM_2.5 during wildfire season were associated with asthma hospitalization, and the effect sizes were greater than for PM_2.5 during inversion season.