Sedation-Ventilation Interaction in Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

Abstract

Background

Ventilation and sedation are used for the management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF), but their optimal combination to minimize the risks of ventilation is not well understood.

Research Question

What are the individual effects and interactions of inspiratory and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), sedation, and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) on respiratory drive, effort, and lung-distending pressure in patients with AHRF triggering the ventilator?

Study Design and Methods

In this secondary exploratory analysis of a trial of lung and diaphragm protection in AHRF, inspiratory pressure, sedation, PEEP, and VV-ECMO were titrated while respiratory drive (airway pressure in the first 100 ms [P_0.1]), effort (esophageal pressure swing [|ΔPes|]), and lung-distending pressure (dynamic transpulmonary driving pressure [ΔP_L,dyn]) were recorded. Associations were evaluated using linear mixed-effects regression models including prespecified terms for potential interactions.

Results

The study included 223 individual measurements of P_0.1 and 235 individual measurements of |ΔPes| and ΔP_L,dyn from 30 patients. Propofol-attenuated P_0.1 (–0.4 cm H₂O; 95% CI, –0.3 to –0.1 cm H₂O per 10-μm/kg/min increase), |ΔPes| (–2.5 cm H₂O; 95% CI, –3.4 to –1.7 cm H₂O per 10-μm/kg/min increase), and ΔP_L,dyn (–1.6 cm H₂O; 95% CI, –2.3 to –0.8 cm H₂O per 10-μm/kg/min increase). The effect of inspiratory pressure on |ΔPes| varied depending on propofol dose: with higher propofol dose, inspiratory pressure resulted in higher ΔP_L,dyn. With VV-ECMO, patients (n = 16) showed significantly lower |ΔPes| (–10 cm H₂O; 95% CI, –17.5 to –2.5 cm H₂O) and required less sedation to reduce |ΔPes| than without VV-ECMO (n = 14).

Interpretation

Mechanical ventilation, sedation, and VV-ECMO exert interdependent effects on respiratory drive, effort, and lung-distending pressure in AHRF. Patients receiving VV-ECMO require less sedation to control respiratory effort.