Urbanisation in Indonesia: The Relationship between Income Inequality, Urban Infrastructure, Access to Education, and Population Growth with Social Cohesion, Environmental Resilience, and Housing Quality to look at Urbanisation in Indonesia

Abstract

Examining their effects on social cohesiveness, environmental resilience, and housing quality in the context of Indonesia's urbanization, this study examines the complex linkages between economic disparity, urban infrastructure, access to education, and population increase. A varied sample of 250 participants' data was evaluated for the study using Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results highlight the complex interactions between these factors and the two ways that income disparity affects housing quality and social cohesiveness. In terms of social cohesion, environmental sustainability, and housing circumstances, urban infrastructure appears as a pivotal factor. High-quality housing and social cohesion are strongly correlated with access to education. The resilience of the environment is threatened by unchecked population expansion, though. Validation of the SEM-PLS model is confirmed by the study's model fit indices. About addressing income gaps, investing in urban infrastructure, promoting accessible education, and strategically managing population growth for sustainable urban development, the results offer policymakers practical insights.