A review of microgrid protection for addressing challenges and solutions

IF 4.2 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Renewable Energy Focus Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI:10.1016/j.ref.2024.100572

Kunal Kumar , Prince Kumar , Susmita Kar

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Abstract

The world is endeavoring to transition to clean, renewable resource-based power generation systems such as wind and solar due to decreasing fossil fuel availability, a severe increase in power demand, environmental pollution, and global warming caused by unwanted gas emissions from current fossil fuel-based conventional power generation systems. An emerging technology, Microgrid (MG), has the capability to interface power generated from multiple distributed generation energy resources (DGER) such as wind, solar, fuel cells, biomass, geothermal, diesel engine generators, electric vehicles (EVs), and energy storage systems like batteries, compressed air storage, supercapacitors, and flywheels. This complexity in control and protection renders traditional power grids outdated. MGs are designed to operate in two modes: grid-connected mode (GCM) and islanded mode (IM), addressing power demand increases, transmission issues, and electricity storage challenges. MGs offer numerous advantages for power systems, yet their integration into distribution networks presents various challenges in protection systems, including fault current (FC) under different operating conditions, bidirectional fault current flow, unexpected relay tripping, disconnections due to sudden accidents, and cybersecurity issues. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various protection issues associated with MG and its possible solutions as suggested by various researchers.

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应对挑战和解决方案的微电网保护回顾

由于化石燃料供应减少、电力需求剧增、环境污染以及目前以化石燃料为基础的传统发电系统所排放的有害气体导致全球变暖，全世界都在努力向风能和太阳能等清洁、可再生资源发电系统过渡。微电网（MG）这一新兴技术能够将风能、太阳能、燃料电池、生物质能、地热能、柴油发动机发电机、电动汽车（EV）以及蓄电池、压缩空气存储、超级电容器和飞轮等储能系统等多种分布式发电能源（DGER）产生的电力连接起来。控制和保护的复杂性使传统电网变得过时。MG 设计为在两种模式下运行：并网模式 (GCM) 和孤岛模式 (IM)，以解决电力需求增长、传输问题和电力存储挑战。MG 为电力系统提供了众多优势，但将其集成到配电网络中会给保护系统带来各种挑战，包括不同运行条件下的故障电流 (FC)、双向故障电流流、意外继电器跳闸、突发事故导致的断开以及网络安全问题。本文全面综述了与 MG 相关的各种保护问题，以及不同研究人员提出的可能解决方案。保留所有权利。

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