Effects of a 10-Week Exercise and Nutritional Intervention with Variable Dietary Carbohydrates and Glycaemic Indices on Substrate Metabolism, Glycogen Storage, and Endurance Performance in Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 SPORT SCIENCES Sports Medicine - Open Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI:10.1186/s40798-024-00705-9
Anna Maria Moitzi, Martin Krššák, Radka Klepochova, Christoph Triska, Robert Csapo, Daniel König
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Abstract

Daily nutrition plays an important role in supporting training adaptions and endurance performance. The objective of this 10-week study was to investigate the consequences of varying carbohydrate consumption and the glycaemic index (GI) together with an endurance training regimen on substrate oxidation, muscle energy storage and endurance performance under free-living conditions. Sixty-five moderately trained healthy men (29 ± 4 years; VO2 peak 55 ± 8 mL min−1 kg−1) were randomized to one of three different nutritional regimes (LOW-GI: 50–60% CHO with ≥ 65% of these CHO with GI < 50 per day, n = 24; HIGH-GI: 50–60% CHO with ≥ 65% CHO with GI > 70 per day, n = 20; LCHF: ≤ 50 g CHO daily, n = 21). Metabolic alterations and performance were assessed at baseline (T0) and after 10 weeks (T10) during a graded exercise treadmill test. Additionally, a 5 km time trial on a 400-m outdoor track was performed and muscle glycogen was measured by magnet resonance spectroscopy. Total fat oxidation expressed as area under the curve (AUC) during the graded exercise test increased in LCHF (1.3 ± 2.4 g min−1 × km h−1, p < 0.001), remained unchanged in LOW-GI (p > 0.05) and decreased in HIGH-GI (− 1.7 ± 1.5 g min−1 × km h−1, p < 0.001). After the intervention, LOW-GI (− 0.4 ± 0.5 mmol L−1 × km h−1, p < 0.001) and LCHF (− 0.8 ± 0.7 mmol L−1 × km h−1, p < 0.001) showed significantly lower AUC of blood lactate concentrations. Peak running speed increased in LOW-GI (T0: 4.3 ± 0.4 vs. T10: 4.5 ± 0.3 m s−1, p < 0.001) and HIGH-GI (T0: 4.4 ± 0.5 vs. T10: 4.6 ± 0.4 m s−1), while no improvement was observed in LCHF. Yet, time trial performance improved significantly in all groups. Muscle glycogen content increased for participants in HIGH-GI (T0: 97.3 ± 18.5 vs. T10: 144.5 ± 39.8 mmol L wet-tissue−1, p = 0.027) and remained unchanged in the LOW-GI and the LCHF group. At the last examination, muscle glycogen concentration was significantly higher in LOW-GI compared to LCHF (p = 0.014). Changes in fat oxidation were only present in LCHF, however, lower lactate concentrations in LOW-GI resulted in changes indicating an improved substrate metabolism. Compared to a LCHF diet, changes in peak running speed, and muscle glycogen stores were superior in LOW- and HIGH-GI diets. The low GI diet seems to have an influence on substrate metabolism without compromising performance at higher intensities, suggesting that a high-carbohydrate diet with a low GI is a viable alternative to a LCHF or a high GI diet. Trial registration: Clinical Trials, NCT05241730. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05241730 . Registered 25 January 2021.
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不同膳食碳水化合物和血糖指数的 10 周运动和营养干预对男性底物代谢、糖原储存和耐力表现的影响:随机对照试验
日常营养在支持训练适应和耐力表现方面发挥着重要作用。这项为期 10 周的研究旨在调查在自由生活条件下,不同的碳水化合物消耗量和血糖指数(GI)以及耐力训练方案对底物氧化、肌肉能量储存和耐力表现的影响。65 名接受过中度训练的健康男性(29 ± 4 岁;VO2 峰值 55 ± 8 mL min-1 kg-1)被随机分配到三种不同的营养方案中(LOW-GI:每天摄入 50-60% 的碳水化合物,其中≥ 65% 的碳水化合物 GI 为 70,n = 20;LCHF:每天摄入≤ 50 克碳水化合物,n = 21)。在分级运动跑步机测试中,对基线(T0)和 10 周后(T10)的代谢变化和表现进行了评估。此外,还在 400 米室外跑道上进行了 5 公里计时赛,并通过磁共振波谱测量了肌糖原。在分级运动测试中,以曲线下面积(AUC)表示的总脂肪氧化量在 LCHF 中增加(1.3 ± 2.4 g min-1 × km h-1,P 0.05),而在 HIGH-GI 中减少(- 1.7 ± 1.5 g min-1 × km h-1,P < 0.001)。干预后,LOW-GI(- 0.4 ± 0.5 mmol L-1 × km h-1,p < 0.001)和 LCHF(- 0.8 ± 0.7 mmol L-1 × km h-1,p < 0.001)的血乳酸浓度 AUC 显著降低。低乳酸血症患者(T0:4.3 ± 0.4 vs. T10:4.5 ± 0.3 m s-1,p < 0.001)和高乳酸血症患者(T0:4.4 ± 0.5 vs. T10:4.6 ± 0.4 m s-1)的峰值跑步速度有所提高,而低乳酸血症患者的峰值跑步速度没有提高。然而,所有组别的计时赛成绩都有明显提高。高 GI 组参与者的肌糖原含量有所增加(T0:97.3 ± 18.5 vs. T10:144.5 ± 39.8 mmol L wet-tissue-1,p = 0.027),而低 GI 组和 LCHF 组保持不变。在最后一次检查中,LOW-GI 组的肌糖原浓度明显高于 LCHF 组(p = 0.014)。只有 LCHF 组的脂肪氧化发生了变化,但 LOW-GI 组的乳酸浓度较低,这表明底物代谢有所改善。与 LCHF 饮食相比,低 GI 和高 GI 饮食在峰值跑步速度和肌肉糖原储存方面的变化更为出色。低 GI 饮食似乎对底物代谢有影响,但不会影响较高强度下的表现,这表明低 GI 高碳水化合物饮食是 LCHF 或高 GI 饮食的可行替代方案。试验注册:临床试验,NCT05241730。https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05241730 。注册日期:2021 年 1 月 25 日。
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来源期刊
Sports Medicine - Open
Sports Medicine - Open SPORT SCIENCES-
CiteScore
7.00
自引率
4.30%
发文量
142
审稿时长
13 weeks
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