Pullenvalenes A–D: Nitric Oxide-Mediated Transcriptional Activation (NOMETA) Enables Discovery of Triterpene Aminoglycosides from Australian Termite Nest-Derived Fungi

Abstract

We report on the use of nitric oxide-mediated transcriptional activation (NOMETA) as an innovative means to detect and access new classes of microbial natural products encoded within silent biosynthetic gene clusters. A small library of termite nest- and mangrove-derived fungi and actinomyces was subjected to cultivation profiling using a miniaturized 24-well format approach (MATRIX) in the presence and absence of nitric oxide, with the resulting metabolomes subjected to comparative chemical analysis using UPLC-DAD and GNPS molecular networking. This strategy prompted study of Talaromyces sp. CMB-TN6F and Coccidiodes sp. CMB-TN39F, leading to discovery of the triterpene glycoside pullenvalenes A–D (1–4), featuring an unprecedented triterpene carbon skeleton and rare 6-O-methyl-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminyl glycoside residues. Structure elucidation of 1–4 was achieved by a combination of detailed spectroscopic analysis, chemical degradation, derivatization and synthesis, and biosynthetic considerations.