3D Paper-Based Device Integrated with a Battery-Less NFC Potentiostat for Nonenzymatic Detection of Cholesterol

Abstract

Portable electrochemical analytical devices such as cholesterol sensors are widely used for disease diagnosis. However, these tools are bulky and require bioreceptors for the specific detection of cholesterol. Herein, a novel 3D electrochemical paper-based analytical device (3D-ePAD) combined with a near-field communication (NFC) potentiostat was developed and applied to the nonenzymatic detection of cholesterol. This 3D-ePAD platform was designed so that all working operations are performed on a single device, which is separated into an origami PAD (oPAD) and an inset PAD (iPAD). β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD), which is immobilized on oPAD, is used as a specific material for the nonenzymatic detection of cholesterol. Through this device, cholesterol detection is integrated with a battery-free NFC potentiostat on a smartphone. The concentration of cholesterol was examined through a [Fe(CN)₆]^3-/4- current signal as a redox indicator, which was previously stored in the detection part of an iPAD. Under optimal conditions, 3D-ePAD/NFC exhibited a linear detection efficiency of 1–500 μM and a maximum detection limit of 0.3 μM for cholesterol detection. Moreover, the proposed sensor was successfully used to measure cholesterol in real serum samples from humans, and the results were consistent with those of a commercial cholesterol meter. Therefore, the new NFC-operated 3D-ePAD platform can be used as an alternative tool for the nonenzymatic quantification of various biomarkers. In addition, 3D-ePAD/NFC can support the diagnosis of other diseases in the future, as the device is inexpensive, portable, and disposable and functions with low sample volumes.