Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Northern Senegal in 2022: Prevalence of the virus in livestock and ticks, associated risk factors and epidemiological implications

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Zoonoses and Public Health Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI:10.1111/zph.13136

Déthié Ngom, Aliou Khoulé, Elisabeth Thérèse Faye, Ousseynou Sène, Sokhna Maymouna Diop, Samba Niang Sagne, Mamadou Korka Diallo, Moussa Dia, Mamadou Aliou Barry, Yoro Diaw, Mamoudou Bocoum, El Hadji Mamadou Ndiaye, Yoro Sall, Boly Diop, Oumar Faye, Ousmane Faye, Mawlouth Diallo, Etienne Simon-Lorière, Anavaj Sakuntabhai, Gamou Fall, Diawo Diallo

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Abstract

Objective

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe zoonotic arboviral disease that occurs widely in Eastern and Western Europe, Asia and Africa. The disease is becoming of growing public health importance in Senegal. However, analysis of tick infestation, CCHF virus (CCHFV) circulation extent and risk factors during ongoing outbreak are scarce. A thorough outbreak investigation was carried out during a CCHF outbreak in Podor (Northern Senegal) in August 2022.

Methods

Ticks and blood samples were collected from animals (cattle, goats and sheep) randomly selected from confirmed CCHF human cases houses, neighbourhoods and surrounding villages. Blood samples were tested for CCHFV antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Tick samples were screened for CCHFV RNA by RT-PCR.

Results

Overall, tick infestation rate (TIR) and CCHFV seroprevalence of livestock were 52.12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 45.54%–58.64%) and 43.28% (95% CI: 36.33%–50.44%), respectively. The TIRs were 87.7% in cattle, 57.6% in sheep and 20.0% in goats. These rates were significantly associated with location, host species and tick control (p < 0.001) but not with animal age and sex (p > 0.7). CCHFV seroprevalence was 80.4% (95% CI: 67.57%–89.77%) in cattle, 35.4% (95% CI: 25.00%–47.01%) in sheep and 21.2% (95% CI: 12.11%–33.02%) in goats. Age, sex, location, animal host and presence of ticks were significantly associated to the presence of antibodies. The 950 ticks collected included among other species, Hyalomma impeltatum (48.84%) and H. rufipes (10.21%). Five pools of Hyalomma ssp. were found CCHFV RT-PCR positive. These infected ticks included 0.86% (4/464) of H. impeltatum collected on cattle and sheep and 1.03% (1/97) of H. rufipes collected on a sheep.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report on the extend of tick infestation and CCHFV infection in livestock during an outbreak in Senegal. The results highlight the risk of human infections and the importance of strengthening vector, animal and human surveillance as well as tick control measures in this area to prevent CCHF infections in humans.

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2022 年塞内加尔北部爆发克里米亚-刚果出血热：家畜和蜱虫中的病毒流行率、相关风险因素和流行病学影响

目的克里米亚-刚果出血热（CCHF）是一种严重的人畜共患虫媒病毒疾病，广泛流行于东欧、西欧、亚洲和非洲。在塞内加尔，这种疾病对公共卫生的重要性与日俱增。然而，有关蜱虫侵扰、CCHF 病毒（CCHFV）传播范围和疫情爆发期间风险因素的分析却很少。我们于 2022 年 8 月在波多尔（塞内加尔北部）进行了一次彻底的疫情调查。方法：从确诊为 CCHF 人类病例的房屋、居民区和周围村庄随机挑选动物（牛、山羊和绵羊），采集蜱虫和血液样本。使用商业酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血液样本中的 CCHFV 抗体。结果总体而言，牲畜的蜱虫感染率（TIR）和CCHFV血清阳性率分别为52.12%（95%置信区间（CI）：45.54%-58.64%）和43.28%（95%置信区间（CI）：36.33%-50.44%）。牛的 TIR 为 87.7%，绵羊为 57.6%，山羊为 20.0%。这些比率与地点、宿主种类和蜱虫控制有明显关系（p < 0.001），但与动物年龄和性别无关（p > 0.7）。牛的 CCHFV 血清流行率为 80.4%（95% CI：67.57%-89.77%），绵羊为 35.4%（95% CI：25.00%-47.01%），山羊为 21.2%（95% CI：12.11%-33.02%）。年龄、性别、地点、动物宿主和蜱虫的存在与抗体的存在有明显的相关性。收集到的 950 只蜱虫中，有 48.84% 的 Hyalomma impeltatum 和 10.21% 的 H. rufipes。有 5 个蜱池发现 CCHFV RT-PCR 阳性。这些受感染的蜱虫包括在牛羊身上采集到的 0.86% （4/464）的 H. impeltatum 和在一只羊身上采集到的 1.03% （1/97）的 H. rufipes。这些结果突显了人类感染的风险，以及在该地区加强病媒、动物和人类监测以及蜱虫控制措施以防止人类感染 CCHF 的重要性。

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来源期刊

Zoonoses and Public Health 医学-传染病学

CiteScore

5.30

自引率

4.20%

发文量

115

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Zoonoses and Public Health brings together veterinary and human health researchers and policy-makers by providing a venue for publishing integrated and global approaches to zoonoses and public health. The Editors will consider papers that focus on timely collaborative and multi-disciplinary research in zoonoses and public health. This journal provides rapid publication of original papers, reviews, and potential discussion papers embracing this collaborative spirit. Papers should advance the scientific knowledge of the sources, transmission, prevention and control of zoonoses and be authored by scientists with expertise in areas such as microbiology, virology, parasitology and epidemiology. Articles that incorporate recent data into new methods, applications, or approaches (e.g. statistical modeling) which enhance public health are strongly encouraged.