{"title":"Comparing labor market performance of vocational and general school graduates in Indonesia: insights from stable and crisis conditions","authors":"Kasmad Ariansyah, Yanuar Farida Wismayanti, Renny Savitri, Virgiawan Listanto, Azwar Aswin, Madya Putra Yaumil Ahad, Benedicta Retna Cahyarini","doi":"10.1186/s40461-024-00160-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study seeks to investigate the association between distinct tracks of secondary education—namely, vocational school (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, SMK) and general school (Sekolah Menengah Atas, SMA)—and two key labor market outcomes: the duration required for graduates to attain their initial employment and their resilience in the face of pandemic, as measured by changes in average monthly income. While the former sheds light on the outcome under typical circumstances, the latter offers valuable insights into the outcome during periods of crisis. Focused on Indonesia, this research employs Heckman two-step model alongside ordinary least square (OLS) for the first outcome and ordered probit regression for the second. The research draws upon data extracted from the 2021 National Labor Force Survey (Survey Angkatan Kerja Nasional, SAKERNAS). Our results suggest that SMK provides an advantage in securing initial employment compared to SMA, with SMK graduates entering the workforce earlier than their counterparts. Moreover, in terms of resilience during the pandemic, as evidenced by changes in income, SMK graduates exhibit greater resilience, with a higher likelihood of maintaining or even increasing their income compared to SMA graduates. These findings offer valuable implications for both theoretical understanding and practical considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":38550,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-024-00160-6","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study seeks to investigate the association between distinct tracks of secondary education—namely, vocational school (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, SMK) and general school (Sekolah Menengah Atas, SMA)—and two key labor market outcomes: the duration required for graduates to attain their initial employment and their resilience in the face of pandemic, as measured by changes in average monthly income. While the former sheds light on the outcome under typical circumstances, the latter offers valuable insights into the outcome during periods of crisis. Focused on Indonesia, this research employs Heckman two-step model alongside ordinary least square (OLS) for the first outcome and ordered probit regression for the second. The research draws upon data extracted from the 2021 National Labor Force Survey (Survey Angkatan Kerja Nasional, SAKERNAS). Our results suggest that SMK provides an advantage in securing initial employment compared to SMA, with SMK graduates entering the workforce earlier than their counterparts. Moreover, in terms of resilience during the pandemic, as evidenced by changes in income, SMK graduates exhibit greater resilience, with a higher likelihood of maintaining or even increasing their income compared to SMA graduates. These findings offer valuable implications for both theoretical understanding and practical considerations.
本研究旨在调查中等教育的不同阶段--即职业学校(Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan,SMK)和普通学校(Sekolah Menengah Atas,SMA)--与两个关键劳动力市场结果之间的关联:毕业生实现初次就业所需的时间和他们面对大流行病时的应变能力(以平均月收入的变化来衡量)。前者揭示了典型情况下的结果,而后者则对危机时期的结果提供了宝贵的见解。本研究以印度尼西亚为重点,采用赫克曼两步模型和普通最小二乘法(OLS)对第一种结果进行分析,并采用有序概率回归对第二种结果进行分析。研究采用的数据来自 2021 年全国劳动力调查(Survey Angkatan Kerja Nasional,SAKERNAS)。我们的研究结果表明,SMK 比 SMA 在确保初次就业方面更具优势,SMK 毕业生比同龄人更早进入劳动力市场。此外,在大流行病期间,从收入变化来看,SMK 毕业生表现出更强的应变能力,与 SMA 毕业生相比,他们保持甚至增加收入的可能性更高。这些发现为理论理解和实际考虑提供了宝贵的启示。
期刊介绍:
The main focus of this journal is to provide a platform for original empirical investigations in the field of professional, vocational and technical education, comparing the effectiveness, efficiency and equity of different vocational education systems at the school, company and systemic level. The journal fills a gap in the existing literature focusing on empirically-oriented academic research and stimulating the interest in strengthening the vocational part of the educational system, both at the basic and higher education level.