Quantitation of propofol metabolites by LC–MS/MS demonstrating long detection window for urine drug monitoring

Abstract

Introduction

Chromatographic methods for analysis of propofol and its metabolites have been widely used in pharmacokinetic studies of propofol distribution, metabolism, and clearance. Application of chromatographic methods is also needed in clinical and forensic laboratories for detecting and monitoring propofol misuse.

Objective

We report a method for sensitive analysis of propofol, propofol 1-glucuronide (PG), 4-hydroxypropofol 1-glucuronide (1-QG), 4-hydroxypropofol 4-glucuronide (4-QG) and 4-hydroxypropofol 4-sulfate (4-QS) in urine by LC–MS/MS analysis. The method employs a simple dilute-and-analyze sample preparation with stable isotope internal standardization.

Results

Validation studies demonstrate a linear calibration model (100–10,000 ng/mL), with dilution integrity verified for the extended range of concentrations experienced in propofol use. Criteria-based validation was achieved, including an average coefficient of variation of 6.5 % and a percent bias of −4.2 ng/mL. The method was evaluated in 12 surgical patients, with monitoring periods lasting up to 30 days following intravenous propofol administrations of 100–3000 mg on the day of surgery. While the concentration ratio of PG to 4-hydroxy propofol metabolite decreased significantly in the days following surgery, PG maintained the highest concentration in all specimens. Both PG and 1-QG were detectable throughout the monitoring periods, including in a patient monitored for 30 days. Lower concentrations were determined for 4-QG and 4-QS, with evidence of detection up to 20 days. Propofol was not detectable in any urine specimens, thereby proving ineffective for identifying drug use.

Conclusion

The validated method for quantifying propofol metabolites demonstrates its applicability for the sensitive detection of propofol misuse over a long window of drug-use detection.