Polyphenol-Assisted Biomineralization of Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles for Precision Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins to Cancer Cells

Abstract

The delivery of proteins into the cytosol holds great promise for cell signaling manipulation and the development of precision medicine. However, this potency is challenged by achieving targeted and controlled delivery, specifically within diseased cells. In this study, we introduce a versatile and effective method for the precision delivery of therapeutic proteins to cancer cells by designing polyphenol-assisted biomineralization of zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8). We demonstrate that by leveraging the strong noncovalent binding affinity of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with both proteins and ZIF-8, our approach significantly enhances the biomineralization of ZIF-8, which in turn improves the efficiency of protein encapsulation and intracellular delivery. Moreover, the incorporation of EGCG within ZIF-8 enables controlled degradation of the nanoparticles and the selective release of the encapsulated proteins in cancer cells. This selective release is triggered by the oxidation of EGCG in response to the high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) found within cancer cells that destabilize the EGCG/ZIF-8 nanoparticles. We have further demonstrated the ability of EGCG/ZIF-8 to deliver a wide range of proteins into cancer cells, including bacterial virulence protein, to rewire cell signaling and prohibit tumor cell growth in a mouse xenograft model. Our strategy and findings underscore the potential of designing the EGCG/ZIF-8 interface for specific and controlled protein delivery for targeted cancer therapy.